A study of the filter properties of soils in relation to water and air in the manor park in Kozłówka in the Lublin Province was carried out. The natural soils of the area are represented mainly by ...black soils formed from loamy sand. The soils of the park show significant differences from the natural soil cover, as they have been subjected to radical anthropogenic impacts as a result of various works associated with the construction and redevelopment of the palace buildings and the change of land use. As a result, there are now soils within the park that are classified as Anthrosols or Technosols. In all the studied pedons, the natural genetic horizons were obliterated, in some layers there was a change in the texture. The positive effect of anthropogenisation was mainly manifested in the high organic carbon content of the surface layer of all pedons. To analyse the filter properties of the soils, samples of preserved structure were taken from layers 0–10 cm, 20–30 cm and 40–50 cm into standard cylinders. The following properties were determined: the water filtration coefficient in the saturated zone (Ks); the water permeability; the air permeability at water potential states in the range -0.98 kPa to -49.00 kPa; the full water capacity and the air capacity. Considering the area of the entire park, it must be said that the filtration properties showed high levels in relation to both water and air. The water permeability was characterised by very high values. Also for air permeability in the field water capacity condition, very high and high values predominated. Particularly high values of this trait were found in the surface layer, rich in organic carbon. The presence of construction debris in large quantities in Urbic Technosols had the effect of reducing air permeability. The results obtained from the study of the filtering properties of the soils of the manor park in Kozłówka can provide an essential source of information which is the basis for undertaking possible recultivation and care works, which are necessary for the conscious shaping of the park establishment.
The sorption properties of anthropogenic soils, or anthrosols, were examined in the Park Ludowy in Lublin. The test samples were taken from five pedons, from layers 0–25, 25–50 and 50–75 cm. The ...samples were analyzed in terms of hydrolytic acidity, total exchangeable bases, as well as calculations of cation exchange capacity and basic cations saturation were conducted. The analysis of the chemical properties of the park soils showed the changes resulting from the introduction of anthropogenic material to soil in this case, float earth. It was found that these changes varied within the park. Anthropogenic additions introduced into the soil had a beneficial effect on the hydrolytic acidity, the sum of alkaline cations in the soil, the degree of saturation of the sorption complex with alkaline cations mainly in the root zone of plants.
Studies from past years have observed various enzymes that are artificial, which are issued to mimic naturally occurring enzymes based on their function and structure. The nanozymes possess ...nanomaterials that resemble natural enzymes and are considered an innovative class. This innovative class has achieved a brilliant response from various developments and researchers owing to this unique property. In this regard, numerous nanomaterials are inspected as natural enzyme mimics for multiple types of applications, such as imaging, water treatment, therapeutics, and sensing. Nanozymes have nanomaterial properties occurring with an inheritance that provides a single substitute and multiple platforms. Nanozymes can be controlled remotely via stimuli including heat, light, magnetic field, and ultrasound. Collectively, these all can be used to increase the therapeutic as well as diagnostic efficacies. These nanozymes have major biomedical applications including cancer therapy and diagnosis, medical diagnostics, and bio sensing. We summarized and emphasized the latest progress of nanozymes, including their biomedical mechanisms and applications involving synergistic and remote control nanozymes. Finally, we cover the challenges and limitations of further improving therapeutic applications and provide a future direction for using engineered nanozymes with enhanced biomedical and diagnostic applications.
Soil biochemical properties shaping soil fertility and agro-ecosystem productivity depend on the reduced tillage system and the dose and method of application of fertilizer; therefore, the research ...hypothesis put forward proposes that under reduced tillage system conditions, the subsurface application of a multi-component mineral fertilizer would increase soil enzymatic activity, thus favourably influencing the biodiversity of the soil environment. The objective of the three-year study was to evaluate the impact of subsurface application of varying mineral fertilizer rates on soil enzymatic activity under reduced tillage system conditions in soybean, winter wheat and maize rotations. The field experiment was set up as a split-plot design in four replicates. The first experimental factor included two methods of mineral fertilization application: fertilizer broadcast over the soil surface (S); fertilizer applied deep (subsurface placed) using a specially designed cultivator (Sub-S). The other factor was the rates of the mineral fertilizer (NPKS): 85 kg∙ha−1 (F85) and 170 kg∙ha−1 (F170). The method of application and rate of mineral fertilizer did not have a significant effect on the organic carbon and total nitrogen content in the soil of the plots with all rotational crops. Subsurface application of fertilizer significantly increased available phosphorus content in soil under soybean and winter wheat crops; however, it significantly decreased soil pHKCl values within sites with all crops in the rotation compared to surface application. At the same time, deep application of mineral fertilizer significantly stimulated dehydrogenase activity in the soil under the winter wheat crops and acid phosphatase activity in the soil under all rotation crops. The higher level of mineral fertilization contributed to reduction of soil pHKCl under winter wheat and maize, and promoted an increase in the soil P content. Additionally, significant increases of dehydrogenases and urease activity in the soil under winter wheat and maize crops, alkaline phosphatase activity in the soil under all the studied crops, and acid phosphatase activity in the soil under the soybean crops were found, compared to mineral fertilizer in the amount of 85 kg NPKS∙ha−1. The results of the present study have demonstrated a positive effect of subsurface application of compound mineral fertilizer on the soil biochemical parameters in reduced tillage. This may be a recommendation for the subsurface use of multicomponent mineral fertilizers in sustainable agriculture. However, a full objective characterization of the soil environment processes induced by in-depth application of mineral fertilizer in reduced tillage requires long-term monitoring.
Mineral nutrition and plant ontogeny influence both the physiological balance between nutrients in a plant and determine the proper nutritional status of a plant, which is necessary to realize the ...yielding potential of a cultivated species. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of nitrogen doses (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 g N·m−2) and plant development phases (the beginning and full flowering) on the content of macroelements and changes in ionic ratios occurring in the herb of the summer savory cv. ‘Saturn’. The two-factor experiment was carried out in a random-block design with five replications. The mineral nitrogen nutrition applied increased the concentration of total nitrogen and its mineral forms in the plants. There was a change in ion homeostasis in the individual stages of the ontogenesis process, i.e., a higher content of P, K, Ca, and S in the initial flowering phase as well as Mg and Cl in the full flowering phase. The increase in the availability of mineral nitrogen in the soil solution caused a decrease in total sorption capacity, reducing the potential of the soil for saturation with alkaline cations.
A study was conducted on the physical properties of anthrosols in the Park Ludowy in Lublin. Soil samples for analyses were taken from five pedons, from layers of 0-25, 25-50 and 50-75 cm, into ...cylinders with volume of 100 cm3. Determinations included the bulk density of the soils, particle density, and water capacities at states of high and low water potential. Calculations of total porosity, retention of productive water and water usable for plants, as well as of air capacities at various states of water potential were performed. The physical status of the soils in the Park, formed as an effect of intensive anthropogenic activity, and especially of the introduction of large amounts of foreign material – sugar beet flume mud and loess, should be assessed as very good. The soils were most often characterised by very low bulk density, very high total porosity, full water capacity and field water capacity, very high and high retention of water usable for plants and productive water, and by diversified field air capacity – from low to excessive.
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