Not only works by Olga Tokarczuk but also translations of her books present one of the most current subjects raised by literary and translation scholars today. The main part of the article presents ...Irina Adelgejm ‒ a Polish teacher of Russian descent, literary scholar and translator of the highest number of works by Tokarczuk into Russian language. Scientific and literary criticism works as well as other expressions of views concerning the oeuvre of Tokarczuk (interviews, discussions) prove that her (Adelgejm) translational activity is not the effect of the Nobel prize, but they present the array of perennial academic interests focused on the phenomenon of contemporary Polish prose.
This study presents a modified (extended) 1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane (OTP) method for the synthesis of P-stereodefined phosphorothioate analogs in the presence of previously unused organic bases. TBD ...(5,7-triazabicyclo4.4.0dec-5-ene) and Verkade's proazaphosphatrane (2,8,9-trimethyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1-phosphabicyclo3.3.3undecane) are herein used for the first time as efficient organic bases compared to DBU, which is commonly used in the OTP approach.
OTP method for the synthesis of P-stereodefined phosphorothioate has been extended to use activators TBD and Verkade base, which can be used interchangeably with DBU.
Introduction: Popular energy drinks containing caffeine, taurine or guarana are currently generating a lot of interest. Their supply is an increasingly popular method of boosting the body. Therefore, ...it is important to know the effects of such drinks on health. Objective: A review of the literature on the health effects of energy drinks with a focus on the value of their consumption in athletes. Current Knowledge: Many studies have been made and numerous medical cases have been analyzed to assess the health effects of energy drinks. The most commonly described complications are those involving the cardiovascular and neurological systems, but there are also cases of gastrointestinal, kidney, gynecological or skin diseases. The severity of these complications depends on the amount of energy drinks consumed and the time interval in which they were drunk. Nowadays, athletes are increasingly turning to energy drinks to boost their performance. It is also noticeable that children and adolescents who should not consume caffeine or sugar in excess consume this type of drink. Conclusions: The growing popularity of energy drinks, including among professional athletes as well as children and adolescents, is leading to an increasing number of complications due to their excessive consumption. Therefore, further research on their health effects and harmfulness is needed to determine their safe use.
Introduction and aim of study: Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder that is considered one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that the calcitonin ...gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide released during trigeminal nerve activation, plays a major role in pathophysiology and serves as an important therapeutic target. Rimegepant is an antagonist for the receptor of this peptide and an alternative to the commonly used triptans. Materials and Methods: Two databases, Pubmed and Medline, were searched using the terms "rimegepant" and "migraine." Results: By reducing the severity and frequency of migraine attacks, rimegepant significantly improves patients' daily functioning and quality of life. A single 75 mg dose of rimegepant provided better efficacy than placebo in the acute treatment of migraine. Two hours after dosing, significantly more patients in the rimegepant group than in the placebo group reported pain relief (59.3% vs. 43.3%). Rimegepant was also effective in the long term when taken every other day for preventive treatment of migraine and/or as needed for acute migraine treatment. When used, rimegepant was well tolerated in both acute and preventive migraine treatment. The most common adverse events included nasopharyngitis, nausea, urinary tract infection, and upper respiratory tract infection. Conclusions: Rimegepant is an effective drug for treating migraine attacks, offering quick and long-lasting pain relief with a favorable safety profile, especially for patients with contraindications to triptans. Therefore, rimegepant represents a valuable alternative for patients who do not respond adequately to other available migraine therapies.
Purpose of Research: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders. It is estimated to occur in approximately 5-10% of children ...and adolescents. This paper aims to highlight the challenges faced by individuals suffering from ADHD, present risk factors, summarize current treatment methods, and outline the consequences of neglecting treatment. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Medline, and ResearchGate were used. Basic Results: The goal of ADHD treatment is to reduce the severity of symptoms and improve the social, academic, and emotional functioning of children and adolescents. The choice of treatment and the selection of a specific medication depend on the patient's age and coexisting disorders. Conclusions: ADHD often coexists with other mental disorders, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Lack of or ineffective treatment has consequences such as learning difficulties, disruptions in peer and family relationships. It correlates with higher rates of traffic accidents, accidental injuries, earlier onset, and higher rates of substance abuse.
Introduction and aim of study: Obesity is a chronic disease associated with numerous health complications, and the number of patients is steadily increasing. Pharmacological methods for treating ...obesity are becoming increasingly popular. This paper aims to review publications concerning the efficacy and safety profile of tirzepatide, the only dual agonist of two human incretin receptors: GLP-1 and GIP, and the latest drug used for this indication. Materials and Methods: Two databases, Pubmed and Medline, were searched using the terms "tirzepatide" and "obesity". Results: Studies indicate significant and sustained weight reduction in obese patients during tirzepatide use as a complement to lifestyle changes. The greatest average weight reduction (20.9%) was observed in patients without concomitant type II diabetes using a 15 mg dose of tirzepatide. Following an initial intensive lifestyle change, obese patients can expect further clinically significant weight loss with the addition of tirzepatide to their treatment. However, discontinuing tirzepatide after initial weight reduction is associated with significant weight regain. Furthermore, studies show that tirzepatide use results in the greatest weight reduction among available market preparations. The drug also has other health benefits, but its use is associated with numerous adverse effects, including severe ones. Conclusions: Pharmacotherapy can facilitate the process of lifestyle modification but remains a supportive treatment. During obesity treatment with tirzepatide, it is important to consider the actual health benefits and its effectiveness in weight reduction, keeping in mind its safety profile and potential risks.
Purpose of research: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common health problem, especially among women which impairs daily functioning. The purpose of this research is to elucidate the ...pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), describe its diagnostic methods, summarize current treatments in light of recent studies, and outline examples of new potential therapies. Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Medline, and ResearchGate were searched with particular attention to the current guidelines. Basic results: The primary treatment of SUI is lifestyle modification, including weight reduction. Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is recommended as first-line therapy, reducing the number of incontinence episodes and improving quality of life. Additional methods include electrical stimulation or biofeedback. At later stages of treatment, pharmacological therapy is recommended, mainly using vaginal oestrogens and duloxetine. Conclusions: Non-operative therapies, such as lifestyle modification and PFMT, are effective treatments for SUI. In combination with pharmacotherapy, they significantly improve the quality of life of patients without invasive surgical procedures.
The subject of the article is the analysis of Four People and Two Angels, a play by Russian satirist Victor Shenderovich (2001). The main conclusion of this analysis is that this play refers to ...psychomachia as one of the oldest literary motifs. However, the difference between classical realisation of the psychomachic motif and its realisation in Shenderovich’s play is noticeable: while the classical psychomachia reveals through seriousness and sublimity, Four People and Two Angels is an example of the realisation of this motif in a comedic convention. It becomes possible mainly due to how the author creates the mysterious figures of angel Stroncylov and the sinner Ivan Pashkin. References to the literary works of Lev Tolstoy, Nikolai Erdman or Mikhail Bulgakov provide additional justification for the claim that the play written by the Russian satirist raises existential problems, but the way it does so is definitely far from the classical literary depictions of the motif of struggle for the human soul.
3'-O-(2-Thio-4,4-pentamethylene-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane) derivatives of 5'-O-DMT-N6-methyl-deoxyadenosine and 5'-O-DMT-N2,N2-dimethyl-O6-diphenylcarbamoyl-deoxyguanosine (OTP-NY, NY = DMT-m6dA or ...DMT-m,m2dGDPC) were synthesized, resolved onto pure P-diastereomers, and used in P-stereocontrolled synthesis of dinucleoside 3',5,-phosphorothioates NXPST (NX = m6dA or m,m2dG), in which the absolute configuration of the stereogenic phosphorus atom was established enzymatically. Diastereomerically pure OTP-NY and standard OTP-N (N = DMT-dABz or DMT-dGBz,DPC) were used in the synthesis of chimeric RP-stereodefined phosphorothioate oligomers ((RP-PS)-DN(NX)A) with hampered Watson-Crick base pairings. It was found that the m6dA units slightly reduce the thermodynamic stability of antiparallel duplexes formed with RNA and (2'-OMe)-RNA matrices, whereas m,m2dG units prevent their formation. The m6dA units stabilize (by up to 4.5 °C per modified unit) the parallel duplexes formed by (RP-PS)-DN(NX)A with Hoogsteen-paired (2'-OMe)-RNA templates compared to the analogous reference duplex containing only unmodified nucleobases. In contrast, the m,m2dG units destabilize such duplexes by up to 3 °C per modified unit. Both units prevent the formation of the corresponding parallel triplexes.
This paper focuses on the Russian and Polish receptions of the works of Roman Senchin, a leading representative of the New Realism Trend in Russian literature. The writer’s debut was his collection ...of short stories entitled Athens Nights (Афинские ночи), published in 2000. Since then, Senchin has written many works, including The Yeltyshevs (Елтышевы), published in 2009 and translated into several languages. His works are widely commented on, discussed, analyzed, and interpreted not only by Russian literary scholars, critics, and commentators of Russian cultural life, but also by Polish researchers investigating contemporary Russian literature. The article presents the views of literary critics and literary scholars concerning Senchin’s works, as well as reflections on their typical or dominant features. Despite widely differing points of view, Russian literary critics agree that Roman Senchin is the most pessimistic contemporary Russian writer.
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