A
bstract
We present results from global fits to the available reactor antineutrino dataset, as of Fall 2019, to determine the global preference for a fourth, sterile neutrino. We have separately ...considered experiments that measure the integrated inverse-beta decay (IBD) rate from those that measure the energy spectrum of IBD events at one or more locations. The evidence that we infer from rate measurements varies between ≲ 3
σ
and negligible depending on the reactor antineutrino flux model employed. Moreover, we find that spectral ratios ostensibly imply ≳ 3
σ
evidence, consistent with previous work, though these measurements are known to be plagued by issues related to statistical interpretation; these results should therefore be viewed cautiously. The software used is the newly developed GLoBESfit tool set which is based on the publicly available GLoBES framework and will be released as open-source software.
Snowshoe hares (
) maintain seasonal camouflage by molting to a white winter coat, but some hares remain brown during the winter in regions with low snow cover. We show that cis-regulatory variation ...controlling seasonal expression of the
gene underlies this adaptive winter camouflage polymorphism. Genetic variation at
clustered by winter coat color across multiple hare and jackrabbit species, revealing a history of recurrent interspecific gene flow. Brown winter coats in snowshoe hares likely originated from an introgressed black-tailed jackrabbit allele that has swept to high frequency in mild winter environments. These discoveries show that introgression of genetic variants that underlie key ecological traits can seed past and ongoing adaptation to rapidly changing environments.
The Future of Drug Delivery Gao, Jingjing; Karp, Jeffrey M; Langer, Robert ...
Chemistry of materials,
01/2023, Letnik:
35, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Amplification of the lunar gravitational M2 and N2tides during the January 2009 sudden stratosphere warming (SSW) event are explored using SABER temperature data at 110 km, CHAMP and GRACE densities ...at 360 and 480 km, and the Global‐Scale Wave Model (GSWM). Utilizing background temperatures and winds characteristic of individual days during January and February 2009 the GSWM is used to establish the frequency response of the atmosphere and its dependence on the zonal mean atmospheric state, and to provide daily estimates of the steady state response to lunar gravitational forcing. SABERM2temperature amplitudes are found to achieve values of order 10–15 K at 110 km, roughy 5 days after the peak warming at 10 hPa (day 23 of 2009), and represent a factor of 3 or so amplification over January climatological values. This amplification is attributable to a shifting of the so‐called Pekeris resonance peak of the atmosphere to 12.42 hours (the M2 period) due to changes in the zonal mean wind distribution in connection with the SSW. N2 responses of order 4–6 K are similarly found near days 25 and 40, when the Pekeris peak passes near to 12.66 hours (the N2 period). The GSWM predicts temperature perturbations of order 20–30 K for M2 and 3–4 K for N2, reasonably consistent with the above results, given nuances of the data analysis and recognized shortcomings of utilizing a steady state model. An enhanced M2 density response of order 15–20% is found in the CHAMP measurements between days 30 and 40, as compared with a GSWM estimate of order 10%. The upper thermosphere N2 response could not be extracted from CHAMP measurements, and both M2 and N2 response determinations using the GRACE data were deemed unreliable. The GSWM estimates lunar tidal wind responses of order 40–60 ms−1in the dynamo region (ca. 100–150 km) in connection with the SSW. These constitute large perturbations to the nominal tidal winds at these altitudes, and are thus expected to carry the lunar tide signature into the ionosphere vis‐a‐vis dynamo electric fields, consistent with observations and interpretations made in the recent literature.
Key Points
Both M2 and N2 lunar tides are enhanced during SSW up to thermosphere
The enhanced responses are due to the shift of Pekeris resonance peak
The shift is due to the dramatic changes of background atmosphere
The cancer risks associated with patient exposure to radiation from medical imaging have become a major topic of debate. The higher doses necessary for technologies such as CT and the increasing ...utilization of these technologies further increase medical radiation exposure to the population. Furthermore, the use of CT for population-based cancer screening continues to be explored for common malignancies such as lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Given the known carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation, this warrants evaluation of the balance between the benefit of early cancer detection and the risk of screening-induced malignancy.
This report provides a brief review of the process of radiation carcino-genesis and the literature evaluating the risk of malignancy from CT, with a focus on the risks and benefits of CT for cancer screening. The available data suggest a small but real risk of radiation-induced malignancy from CT that could become significant at the population level with widespread use of CT-based screening. However, a growing body of literature suggests that the benefits of CT screening for lung cancer in high-risk patients and CT colonography for colorectal cancer may significantly outweigh the radiation risk. Future studies evaluating the benefits of CT screening should continue to consider potential radiation risks.
A significant fraction of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) display abnormalities in renal function. Retrospective studies of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, ...report an incidence of 3%-7% progressing to ARF, a marker of poor prognosis. The cause of the renal failure in COVID-19 is unknown, but one hypothesized mechanism is direct renal infection by the causative virus, SARS-CoV-2.
We performed an autopsy on a single patient who died of COVID-19 after open repair of an aortic dissection, complicated by hypoxic respiratory failure and oliguric renal failure. We used light and electron microscopy to examine renal tissue for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 within renal cells.
Light microscopy of proximal tubules showed geographic isometric vacuolization, corresponding to a focus of tubules with abundant intracellular viral arrays. Individual viruses averaged 76
m in diameter and had an envelope studded with crown-like, electron-dense spikes. Vacuoles contained double-membrane vesicles suggestive of partially assembled virus.
The presence of viral particles in the renal tubular epithelium that were morphologically identical to SARS-CoV-2, and with viral arrays and other features of virus assembly, provide evidence of a productive direct infection of the kidney by SARS-CoV-2. This finding offers confirmatory evidence that direct renal infection occurs in the setting of AKI in COVID-19. However, the frequency and clinical significance of direct infection in COVID-19 is unclear. Tubular isometric vacuolization observed with light microscopy, which correlates with double-membrane vesicles containing vacuoles observed with electronic microscopy, may be a useful histologic marker for active SARS-CoV-2 infection in kidney biopsy or autopsy specimens.
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