Can exposure to a doctored photograph of a plausible yet fictitious childhood event create false memories in adults? Twenty years ago, (Wade, K. A., Garry, M., Don Read, J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2002). ...A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories.
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(3), 597-603) found that half of the participants reported false beliefs or memories after multiple interview sessions about a doctored photograph of themselves as children on a fictitious hot air balloon ride. In this replication, which rigorously recreated the method and procedure of Wade et al. (2002), participants were interviewed over three interview sessions using free recall and imagery techniques about three true and one fictitious childhood event photos. The balloon ride was modified to a culturally appropriate target event - a Viking ship ride - to ensure that the doctored photograph was functionally equivalent. The results showed almost identical patterns in the two studies: 40% (n = 8) of the participants reported partial or clear false beliefs or memories compared with 50% (n = 10) in the original study. The participants who reported false memories reported detailed and coherent memory narratives of the Viking ship ride not depicted in the doctored photograph. Our study successfully replicating the results of Wade et al. (2002), suggest that memories can relatively easily be implanted, regardless of cultural setting.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are emerging tools used to capture a patient’s daily health status and enhance communication between patients and healthcare professionals. This ...study examined whether PROMs can be used to predict consultation needs in an outpatient clinic setting including patients diagnosed with psoriasis.
Method
We evaluated a nationally developed set of PROMs for psoriasis patients, which included a standard set of questionnaires that capture patients’ perceptions of their experience and quality of life. Patients (n = 187) answered the psoriasis PROMs prior to an in-person consultation. Their responses were evaluated alongside patient, doctor, and nurse opinions on whether the subsequent consultation was necessary. Additionally, comments about the consultations from the patient, doctor, and nurse were collected and provided insights as to why certain consultations were deemed necessary.
Results
Comparing the patient, doctor, and nurse responses addressing a need for consultation compared to the coded psoriasis PROMs results (red or green/yellow outcome), 23% of the patients with a green/yellow outcome were in need of a doctor’s consultation. Upon considering a subset of psoriasis PROMs questionnaires that reflect subjective responses (e.g., DLQI, PEST, MDI-2, and side effects), the proportion of patients that yielded a green/yellow outcome and were identified to require a doctor consultation increased to approximately 45%.
Conclusions
The preliminary results show that the psoriasis PROMs were supportive in the consultation but alone cannot sufficiently guide healthcare professionals to determine whether in-person consultations are required.
Relatively little is known of how the world's largest vegetation transition zone – the Forest Tundra Ecotone (FTE) – is responding to climate change. Newly available, satellite-derived time-series of ...the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) across North America and Europe could provide new insights into the physiological response of evergreen trees to climate change by tracking changes in foliar pigment pools that have been linked to photosynthetic phenology. However, before implementing these data for such purpose at these evergreen dominated systems, it is important to increase our understanding of the fine scale mechanisms driving the connection between PRI and environmental conditions. The goal of this study is thus to gain a more mechanistic understanding of which environmental factors drive changes in PRI during late-season phenological transitions at the FTE – including factors that are susceptible to climate change (i.e., air- and soil-temperatures), and those that are not (photoperiod). We hypothesized that late-season phenological changes in foliar pigment pools captured by PRI are largely driven by photoperiod as opposed to less predictable drivers such as air temperature, complicating the utility of PRI time-series for understanding climate change effects on the FTE. Ground-based, time-series of PRI were acquired from individual trees in combination with meteorological variables and photoperiod information at six FTE sites in Alaska. A linear mixed-effects modeling approach was used to determine the significance (α = 0.001) and effect size (i.e., standardized slope b*) of environmental factors on late-seasonal changes in the PRI signal. Our results indicate that photoperiod had the strongest, significant effect on late-season changes in PRI (b* = 0.08, p < 0.001), but environmental variables susceptible to climate change were also significant (i.e., daily mean solar radiation (b* = −0.03, p < 0.001) and daily mean soil temperature (b* = 0.02, p < 0.001)). These results suggest that interpreting PRI time-series of late-season phenological transitions may indeed facilitate our understanding of how northern treeline responds to climate change.
•Little is known how the world's largest ecotone, the FTE, response to climate change.•PRI time-series could provide novel insights.•We tested if late-season changes of PRI respond to climate or photoperiod.•Changes in late-season PRI respond to photoperiod but also climate.•Results highlight potential of PRI time-series to monitor climate effects on the FTE.
•We compared snow disappearance date (SDD) and tree growth onset timing at the FTE.•There is variability between in situ SDD and remotely sensed SDD estimates.•SDD estimates are confounded by ...vegetative structure at the FTE.•Comparisons between SDD and tree growth onset timing are site specific.•Other biophysical factors besides SDD must also be considered when estimating tree growth onset.
Tree wood growth is a key physiological process governing the seasonal duration of carbon sequestration, but few methods exist for remotely monitoring the phenology of wood growth. Hence, scalable methods for detecting and monitoring tree growth onset are needed, particularly in climate-sensitive regions like the forest-tundra ecotone (FTE). Because snow disappearance date (SDD) is observable across large spatial scales using satellite remote sensing and may coincide with tree growth onset at high latitudes, we tested the reliability of remotely sensed SDD as a proxy for tree growth onset at the FTE. We hypothesize that: (1) satellite based SDD estimates from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (SDDMODIS) and PlanetScope imagery (SDDPlanet) are not statistically different (p > 0.05) from in situ estimates of SDD from soil temperature probes (SDDST), and; (2) estimates of SDDMODIS or SDDPlanet are not significantly different from tree growth onset, thus providing novel monitoring methods for tree wood growth onset at the FTE. We used data across two growing seasons from two field sites - one in Alaska, USA (AK) and one in Northwest Territories, Canada (NWT). Results differed between sites, with remote and in situ SDD estimates in AK occurring simultaneously, while remotely estimated SDD preceded in situ SDD in NWT. All SDD estimates were statistically different from tree growth onset in AK in both years. While comparisons showed possible synchrony between SDD estimates and tree growth onset at NWT, these results were limited and suggested the influence of other biophysical drivers in tree growth onset. These results highlight the phenological heterogeneity of the FTE and the key knowledge gaps remaining in our understanding of processes driving tree growth onset at this ecotone. Thus, there is a clear need for more research into the relationships between tree growth onset and remote sensing information at the FTE.
e19502
Background: CAR T cell therapy can provide sustained remissions in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, some patients are resistant to or relapse after CAR T therapy. CAR T therapy ...is complicated by cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated syndrome (ICANS). There is an unmet need to understand immune cell types and functions in correlation with clinical outcomes. Methods: Patients with hematologic malignancies treated with commercial CAR T products were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected at day -7 before lymphodepletion, day 0 before CAR T infusion, day +7 after CAR T infusion and then every 3-6 months thereafter. Multi-color flow cytometry was performed. Total myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, CD45
+
CD3
−
CD19
−
CD20
−
CD56
−
CD16
−
HLA-DR
−
CD33
+
CD11b
+
cells), granulocytic (PMN)-MDSCs (CD14
-
CD11b
+
CD15
+
), monocytic (M)-MDSCs (CD11b
+
CD14
+
HLA-DR
low/-
CD15
-
), early stage (e)-MDSCs (Lin
-
HLA-DR
-
CD11b
+
CD33
+
), CD3
+
, CD4
+
, CD8
+
T cells, B cells, and NK cells were quantitated. T cell proliferation in response to CD3 and CD28 stimulation was measured by Ki67 labeling. The function of MDSCs in suppressing T cell proliferation was measured by co-culturing isolated MDSCs with T cells in the presence of anti-CD3/CD28 beads for 4 days. CRS, ICANS and treatment response at 3 months were determined and correlated with immune cell types and functional assays. Results: At the time of this abstract submission, we have enrolled 20 patients in the study: 11 patients received axicabtagene ciloleucel, 1 tisagenlecleucel, 4 brexucabtagene autoleucel, and 3 ciltacabtagene autoleucel. The median age at CAR-T infusion was 69 years old; 16 were male and 4 female. The number of CD4 and CD8 T cells recovered in 1 week after CAR T infusion and the number of NK cells increased at 3 months after CAR T therapy. Interestingly, MDSC numbers remained low at 3 months after CAR T infusion. We also measured the function of MDSCs in suppressing T cell proliferation. Before lymphodepletion, MDSCs were very suppressive. Following CAR-T, MDSCs become less suppressive, allowing CD8 T cell proliferation. We found that a lower level of PMN-MDSCs at day 0 and +7 correlated with the development of CRS (p = 0.003, p = 0.0005). Lower PMN-MDSCs and less suppressive MDSCs at day +7 were associated with the development of ICANS (p = 0.009, p < 0.0001). Higher percentage and proliferation of CD8 T cells and lower M-MDSCs at day +7 correlated with treatment response to CAR T therapy at 3 months (p = 0.02, p = 0.04, p = 0.0006). Conclusions: Our study shows the kinetics of immune cells and the function of MDSCs after CAR T therapy. Our preliminary data demonstrated a critical role of MDSCs in CAR T response and toxicities. Targeting MDSCs could be a novel approach for improving response in CAR T therapy.
As a temperature-delineated boundary, Arctic treeline is predicted to shift poleward and tree growth is expected to increase in response to rapid warming. The massive scale of the Arctic treeline ...magnifies these changes to impact energy balance, carbon balance, and climate-related feedbacks at local, regional, and global scales. Yet, not all sections of the Arctic treeline are reporting growth, suggesting factors other than temperature may be becoming more limiting as the climate continues to change. This dissertation investigates how water availability and tree size may modify the response to climate change of a dominant conifer species (white spruce, Picea glauca) growing at an Arctic treeline site in the Brooks Range, Alaska, USA. The first chapter examines the influence of temperature and water availability on population regeneration and individual tree growth during the 20th century. A climatic shift towards a warmer and drier climate after 1975 caused divergent responses of sapling regeneration and mature tree growth, suggesting that, while individuals have grown, this section of treeline has remained relatively stationary. The second chapter explores the present-day relationships between tree size, temperature, moisture availability, and tree growth by examining the response of intra-annual radial stem growth rate to changing environmental conditions at the Arctic treeline. Tree size and water availability play important roles in moderating the growth response to increasing temperature. Finally, in the third chapter, the environmental cues which trigger the onset of radial stem growth in spring are identified. The results suggest a combination of winter chilling and subsequent spring heat accumulation initiates onset, like trees growing at lower latitudes. However, the chilling and heating thresholds at this Arctic treeline site were far colder than those identified at lower latitudes, suggesting local adaptation to harsh Arctic winters and springs. Through these new findings, this dissertation advances our understanding of Arctic treeline dynamics and will help to predict the future of the Arctic treeline more accurately in a rapidly changing climate.
Light availability drives vertical canopy gradients in photosynthetic functioning and carbon (C) balance, yet patterns of variability in these gradients remain unclear. We measured light ...availability, photosynthetic CO2 and light response curves, foliar C, nitrogen (N) and pigment concentrations, and the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) on upper and lower canopy needles of white spruce trees (Picea glauca) at the species' northern and southern range extremes. We combined our photosynthetic data with previously published respiratory data to compare and contrast canopy C balance between latitudinal extremes. We found steep canopy gradients in irradiance, photosynthesis and leaf traits at the southern range limit, but a lack of variation across canopy positions at the northern range limit. Thus, unlike many tree species from tropical to mid‐latitude forests, high latitude trees may not require vertical gradients of metabolic activity to optimize photosynthetic C gain. Consequently, accounting for self‐shading is less critical for predicting gross primary productivity at northern relative to southern latitudes. Northern trees also had a significantly smaller net positive leaf C balance than southern trees suggesting that, regardless of canopy position, low photosynthetic rates coupled with high respiratory costs may ultimately constrain the northern range limit of this widely distributed boreal species.
Summary statement
Canopy gradients in photosynthetic capacity of white spruce diminish at high compared to low latitudes. Low carbon balance in high latitude trees may determine the extent of northern treeline.
Relationships between gross primary productivity (GPP) and the remotely sensed photochemical reflectance index (PRI) suggest that time series of foliar PRI may provide insight into climate change ...effects on carbon cycling. However, because a large fraction of carbon assimilated via GPP is quickly returned to the atmosphere via respiration, we ask a critical question—can PRI time series provide information about longer term gains in aboveground carbon stocks? Here we study the suitability of PRI time series to understand intra‐annual stem‐growth dynamics at one of the world's largest terrestrial carbon pools—the boreal forest. We hypothesized that PRI time series can be used to determine the onset (hypothesis 1) and cessation (hypothesis 2) of radial growth and enable tracking of intra‐annual tree growth dynamics (hypothesis 3). Tree‐level measurements were collected in 2018 and 2019 to link highly temporally resolved PRI observations unambiguously with information on daily radial tree growth collected via point dendrometers. We show that the seasonal onset of photosynthetic activity as determined by PRI time series was significantly earlier (p < .05) than the onset of radial tree growth determined from the point dendrometer time series which does not support our first hypothesis. In contrast, seasonal decline of photosynthetic activity and cessation of radial tree growth was not significantly different (p > .05) when derived from PRI and dendrometer time series, respectively, supporting our second hypothesis. Mixed‐effects modeling results supported our third hypothesis by showing that the PRI was a statistically significant (p < .0001) predictor of intra‐annual radial tree growth dynamics, and tracked these daily radial tree‐growth dynamics in remarkable detail with conditional and marginal coefficients of determination of 0.48 and 0.96 (for 2018) and 0.43 and 0.98 (for 2019), respectively. Our findings suggest that PRI could provide novel insights into nuances of carbon cycling dynamics by alleviating important uncertainties associated with intra‐annual vegetation response to climate change.
The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is a promising remote sensing (RS) approach which is sensitive to gross plant carbon uptake. Presently, little is known about the sensitivity of PRI time‐series to radial tree growth because the fate of fixed carbon is complex. Analysis of a unique in situ dataset has allowed us to link highly temporally resolved PRI and radial tree growth time‐series unambiguously, indicating that PRI time‐series can track seasonal radial tree growth dynamics in remarkable detail. Hence, PRI could enable RS of carbon cycling dynamics to alleviate important uncertainties associated with vegetation response to warming.
•The forest-tundra ecotone exhibits myriad responses to environmental change.•We related TLS-derived microstructure to photosynthetic functioning of spruce trees.•Microstructure alone explained 28% ...of the variance in photosynthetic functioning.•Canopy roughness and insolation were most important and were scale-dependent.•Results suggest microstructure may modulate FTE trees’ sensitivity to climate change.
The forest-tundra ecotone (FTE) is exhibiting myriad responses to rapid environmental change. Microstructural variability (at cm to m length scales) of vegetation canopies and geomorphic features may modulate the response of FTE vegetation to regional climate changes. Understanding the influence of microstructure on tree function at the FTE is particularly relevant during vulnerable early growth stages. During these stages, individual trees are tightly coupled to conditions of the surface boundary layer, which can be more conducive to growth than the conditions above the boundary layer. Until recently, however, it has been difficult to characterize microstructure in a replicable, transferable manner. This study builds upon substantial research on ecological responses of trees at the FTE to growth environment conditions by integrating high-resolution terrestrial lidar scanning (TLS) to characterize microstructure. Our main goal was to use TLS technology to understand the effects of microstructure on photosynthetic functioning (i.e., chlorophyll fluorescence) of small-stature white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) trees at the FTE. Our specific objectives were to: 1) determine how much variance in photosynthetic functioning is explained by microstructure; 2) identify microstructural metrics that most strongly control variance in photosynthetic functioning; and 3) determine the scales at which microstructural metrics most strongly drive variance in photosynthetic functioning. Random Forest modeling demonstrated that 28% of variance in photosynthetic functioning can be explained through variation in fine-scale environmental conditions that are modulated by microstructure alone. Insolation and canopy roughness were the most important predictors of photosynthetic functioning, and the sensitivity of photosynthetic functioning to canopy roughness was scale-dependent. This suggests that microstructure affects spatial heterogeneity in the boundary layer that may influence carbon assimilation of small-stature spruce trees. This research emphasizes the importance of quantifying microstructure in study systems where fine-scale heterogeneity of the growth environment may modulate plant responses to regional climate change.
As a temperature-delineated boundary, Arctic treeline is predicted to shift poleward and tree growth is expected to increase in response to rapid warming. The massive scale of the Arctic treeline ...magnifies these changes to impact energy balance, carbon balance, and climate-related feedbacks at local, regional, and global scales. Yet, not all sections of the Arctic treeline are reporting growth, suggesting factors other than temperature may be becoming more limiting as the climate continues to change. This dissertation investigates how water availability and tree size may modify the response to climate change of a dominant conifer species (white spruce, Picea glauca) growing at an Arctic treeline site in the Brooks Range, Alaska, USA.
The first chapter examines the influence of temperature and water availability on population regeneration and individual tree growth during the 20th century. A climatic shift towards a warmer and drier climate after 1975 caused divergent responses of sapling regeneration and mature tree growth, suggesting that, while individuals have grown, this section of treeline has remained relatively stationary. The second chapter explores the present-day relationships between tree size, temperature, moisture availability, and tree growth by examining the response of intra-annual radial stem growth rate to changing environmental conditions at the Arctic treeline. Tree size and water availability play important roles in moderating the growth response to increasing temperature.
Finally, in the third chapter, the environmental cues which trigger the onset of radial stem growth in spring are identified. The results suggest a combination of winter chilling and subsequent spring heat accumulation initiates onset, like trees growing at lower latitudes. However, the chilling and heating thresholds at this Arctic treeline site were far colder than those identified at lower latitudes, suggesting local adaptation to harsh Arctic winters and springs. Through these new findings, this dissertation advances our understanding of Arctic treeline dynamics and will help to predict the future of the Arctic treeline more accurately in a rapidly changing climate.
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