Taking place annually in more than 400 cities, European Researchers' Night is a pan- European synchronized event that aims to bring researchers closer to the public. In this paper audience profiles ...are compared from events in 2019 and 2020. In 2019, face-to-face events reached an estimated 1.6 million attendees, while in 2020, events shifted online due to the COVID-19 pandemic and reached an estimated 2.3 million attendees. Focusing on social inclusion metrics, survey data is analyzed across two national contexts (Ireland and Malta) in 2019 (n = 656) and 2020 (n = 506). The results from this exploratory, descriptive study shed light on how moving public engagement with research online shifted audience profiles. Based on prior research about the digital divide in access and use of online media, hypotheses were proposed that online European Researchers' Night events would attract audiences with higher educational attainment levels and greater self-reported, subjective economic well-being. While changes were observed from 2019 to 2020, results for each hypothesis show a mixed picture. The first hypothesis was upheld for the highest education levels but failed for the lowest levels suggesting that the pivot to online events simultaneously attracted participants with no formal education and those with postgraduate qualifications, while attracting less of those with undergraduate or lower levels of education. The second hypothesis was not upheld, with online European Researchers' Night events attracting audiences with slightly higher levels of economic well-being compared to face-to-face events. The findings of this study indicate that European Researchers' Night events present a clear opportunity to measure the effects of the digital divide in relation to public engagement with research across Europe.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We optimize the nucleon-nucleon interaction from chiral effective field theory at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO). The resulting new chiral force NNLO(opt) yields χ(2)≈1 per degree of freedom ...for laboratory energies below approximately 125 MeV. In the A=3, 4 nucleon systems, the contributions of three-nucleon forces are smaller than for previous parametrizations of chiral interactions. We use NNLO(opt) to study properties of key nuclei and neutron matter, and we demonstrate that many aspects of nuclear structure can be understood in terms of this nucleon-nucleon interaction, without explicitly invoking three-nucleon forces.
The formation and growth of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles from ammonium iron(III) citrate solutions (C6O7H6·xFe3+·yNH4) in hydrothermal synthesis conditions have been studied by in situ total ...scattering. The local structure of the precursor in solution is similar to that of the crystalline coordination polymer Fe(H2cit(H2O) n , where corner-sharing FeO6 octahedra are linked by citrate. As hydrothermal treatment of the solution is initiated, clusters of edge-sharing FeO6 units form (with extent of the structural order <5 Å). Tetrahedrally coordinated iron subsequently appears, and as the synthesis continues, the clusters slowly assemble into crystalline maghemite, giving rise to clear Bragg peaks after 90 s at 320 °C. The primary transformation from amorphous clusters to nanocrystallites takes place by condensation of the clusters along the corner-sharing tetrahedral iron units. The crystallization process is related to large changes in the local structure as the interatomic distances in the clusters change dramatically with cluster growth. The local atomic structure is size dependent, and particles smaller than 6 nm are highly disordered. The final crystallite size (<10 nm) is dependent on both synthesis temperature and precursor concentration.
Summary
People with diabetes have an increased risk of fractures, and in this study, the effect of hypoglycaemia and insulin on this risk was investigated. Type 1 diabetes and hypoglycaemia did ...increase the fracture risk, and prevention of hypoglycaemia is thus an important focus area in the prevention of fractures.
Introduction
Studies have shown that type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with increased risk of fractures. Especially, subjects with T1D have an increased risk of fractures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of T1D, hypoglycaemia and insulin on fracture risk.
Methods
A cohort study with T1D subjects (
n
= 19,896) and T2D subjects (
n
= 312,188) matched with subjects from the general populated (
n
= 996,252) and a nested case-control study with T1D subjects with fracture (
n
= 895) as cases and T1D subjects without (
n
= 2685) as controls were conducted based on subjects from the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR).
Results
T1D (HR = 2.47, 95% CI 2.37 to 2.59), age (HR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.05), previous fracture (HR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.92 to 1.99) and being female (HR = 2.06, 95% CI 2.04 to 2.09) increased the risk of fractures. Also, T2D (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.18) increased the risk of proximal upper arm and shoulder fractures. T1D (HR = 2.41, 95% CI 2.20 to 2.65) increased the risk of hip and femoral region fractures. Hypoglycaemia (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.97) increased the risk of fractures, whereas insulin use did not change the risk.
Conclusions
Hypoglycaemic episodes are associated with increased fracture risk, and the frequency of hypoglycaemic episodes leading to hospital admission was above 16% for T1D subjects. Prevention of hypoglycaemia is thus an important focus area in the prevention of fractures.
Summary
Background
Predictors of worse outcomes (rebleeding, surgery and death) of peptic ulcer bleeds (PUBs) are essential indicators because of significant morbidity and mortality rates of PUBs. ...However those have been infrequently reported since changes in medical therapy (PPI, proton pump inhibitors) and application of newer endoscopic haemostatic technique.
Aims
To determine: (i) independent risk factors for 30‐day rebleeding, surgery, and death and (ii) whether ulcer size is an independent predictor of major outcomes in patients with severe PUB after successful endoscopic haemostasis and treatment with optimal medical (high dose IV PPI) vs. prior treatment (high dose IV histamine 2 antagonists – H2RAs).
Methods
A large prospectively followed population of patients hospitalised with severe PUBs between 1993 and 2011 at two US tertiary care academic medical centres, stratified by stigmata of recent haemorrhage (SRH) was studied. Using multivariable logistic regression analyses, independent risk factors for each outcome (rebleeding, surgery and death) up to 30 days were analysed. Effects for medical treatment (H2RA patients 1993–2005 vs. PPIs 2006–2011) were also analysed.
Results
A total of 1264 patients were included. For ulcers ≥10 mm, the odds of 30‐day rebleeding increased 6% per each 10% increase in ulcer size (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10, P = 0.0053). Other risk factors for 30‐day rebleeding were major SRH, in‐patient start of bleeding, and prior GI bleeding. Major SRH and ulcer size≥10 mm were predictors of 30‐day surgery. Risk factors for 30‐day death were major SRH, in‐patient bleeding, and any initial platelet transfusion or fresh frozen plasma transfusion ≥2 units. Among patients with major SRH and out‐patient start of bleeding, larger ulcer size was also a risk factor for death (OR 1.08 per 10% increase in ulcer size, 95% CI 1.02–1.14, P = 0.0095). Ulcer size was a significant independent variable for both time periods.
Conclusions
Ulcer size is a risk factor for worse outcomes after PUB and should be carefully recorded at initial endoscopy to improve patient triage and management.
We employ interactions from chiral effective field theory and compute binding energies, excited states, and radii for isotopes of oxygen with the coupled-cluster method. Our calculation includes the ...effects of three-nucleon forces and of the particle continuum, both of which are important for the description of neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of the nucleus 24O. Our main results are the placement of the neutron drip line at 24O, the assignment of spins, parities and resonance widths for several low-lying states of the drip line nucleus, and an efficient approximation that incorporates the effects of three-body interactions.
Abstract
Aims
Non-invasive assessment of stable chest pain patients is a critical determinant of resource utilization and clinical outcomes. Increasingly coronary computed tomography angiography ...(CCTA) with selective CCTA-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) is being used. The ADVANCE Registry, is a large prospective examination of using a CCTA and FFRCT diagnostic pathway in real-world settings, with the aim of determining the impact of this pathway on decision-making, downstream invasive coronary angiography (ICA), revascularization, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).
Methods and results
A total of 5083 patients with symptoms concerning for coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis on CCTA were enrolled at 38 international sites from 15 July 2015 to 20 October 2017. Demographics, symptom status, CCTA and FFRCT findings, treatment plans, and 90 days outcomes were recorded. The primary endpoint of reclassification between core lab CCTA alone and CCTA plus FFRCT-based management plans occurred in 66.9% confidence interval (CI): 64.8–67.6 of patients. Non-obstructive coronary disease was significantly lower in ICA patients with FFRCT ≤0.80 (14.4%) compared to patients with FFRCT >0.80 (43.8%, odds ratio 0.19, CI: 0.15–0.25, P < 0.001). In total, 72.3% of subjects undergoing ICA with FFRCT ≤0.80 were revascularized. No death/myocardial infarction (MI) occurred within 90 days in patients with FFRCT >0.80 (n = 1529), whereas 19 (0.6%) MACE hazard ratio (HR) 19.75, CI: 1.19–326, P = 0.0008 and 14 (0.3%) death/MI (HR 14.68, CI 0.88–246, P = 0.039) occurred in subjects with an FFRCT ≤0.80.
Conclusions
In a large international multicentre population, FFRCT modified treatment recommendation in two-thirds of subjects as compared to CCTA alone, was associated with less negative ICA, predicted revascularization, and identified subjects at low risk of adverse events through 90 days.
Nanosizing of metal oxide particles is a common strategy for improving materials properties; however, small particles often take structures different from the bulk material. MoO2 nanoparticles show a ...structure that is distinct from the bulk distorted rutile structure and which has not yet been determined. Here, we present a model for nanostructured MoO2 obtained through detailed atomic pair distribution function analysis combined with high-resolution electron microscopy. Defects occur in the arrangement of MoO6 octahedra, in both large (40–100 nm) nanoparticles, where the overall distorted rutile structure is preserved, and in small nanoparticles (<5 nm), where a new nanostructure is formed. The study provides a piece in the puzzle of understanding the structure/properties relationship of molybdenum oxides and further our understanding of the origin of structural changes taking place upon nanosizing in oxide materials.
The visual analog scale (VAS) is one of the most commonly used measures of pain intensity in pain research. However, there remain important unanswered questions concerning interpretation of specific ...VAS ratings and change scores. To address these questions, we performed a reanalysis of data from 2 randomized controlled trials of postoperative pain (N = 123 and N = 125) to determine the meaning of VAS pain intensity ratings and change scores. The findings suggested that 100-mm VAS ratings of 0 to 4 mm can be considered no pain; 5 to 44 mm, mild pain; 45 to 74 mm, moderate pain; and 75 to 100 mm, severe pain. As predicted, in assessment of the amount of change corresponding to differing levels of pain relief, percentage change in a patient's VAS score was less biased by pretreatment pain than was absolute change score. The findings also suggested that a 33% decrease in pain represents a reasonable standard for determining that a change in pain is meaningful from the patient's perspective.
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