Catalytic hydrogenation of organic carboxylic acids and their esters, for example, cellulosic ethanol from fermentation of acetic acid and hydrogenation of ethyl acetate is a promising possibility ...for future biorefinery concepts. A hybrid conversion process based on selective hydrogenation of butyric acid combined with fermentation of glucose has been developed for producing biobutanol. ZnO‐supported Ru–Sn bimetallic catalysts exhibits unprecedentedly superior performance in the vapor‐phase hydrogenation of biomass‐derived butyric acid to n‐butanol (>98 % yield) for 3500 h without deactivation.
True convert: A hybrid conversion process for the selective hydrogenation of butyric acid combined with fermentation of glucose is developed. Bimetallic ruthenium–tin catalysts supported on zinc oxide (Ru–Sn/ZnO) show good performance in the vapor‐phase hydrogenation of biomass‐derived butyric acid to n‐butanol, as well as good long‐term performance.
Stroboscopic visualization of nuclear or electron dynamics in atoms, molecules or solids requires ultrafast pump and probe pulses and a close to perfect synchronization between the two. We have ...developed a 3 MeV ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) probe technology that nominally reduces the electron bunch duration and the arrival time jitter to the subfemtosecond level. This simple configuration uses a radiofrequency photogun and a 90° achromatic bend and is designed to provide effectively jitter-free conditions. Terahertz streaking measurements reveal an electron bunch duration of 25 fs, even for a charge as high as 0.6 pC, and an arrival time jitter of 7.8 fs, the latter limited by only the measurement accuracy. From pump–probe measurements of photoexcited bismuth films, the instrument response function was determined to be 31 fs. This pioneering jitter-free technique paves the way towards UED of attosecond phenomena in atomic, molecular and solid-state dynamics.An ultrafast electron diffraction facility with an overall temporal resolution of 31 fs root mean square is developed. Even for a charge as high as 0.6 pC, the electron bunch duration and timing jitter are 25 fs and less than 10 fs, respectively.
Abstract
The deflection of charged particles is an intuitive way to visualize an electromagnetic oscillation of coherent light. Here, we present a real-time ultrafast oscilloscope for time-frozen ...visualization of a terahertz (THz) optical wave by probing light-driven motion of relativistic electrons. We found the unique condition of subwavelength metal slit waveguide for preserving the distortion-free optical waveform during its propagation. Momentary stamping of the wave, transversely travelling inside a metal slit, on an ultrashort wide electron bunch enables the single-shot recording of an ultrafast optical waveform. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we successfully demonstrated to capture the entire field oscillation of a THz pulse with a sampling rate of 75.7 TS/s. Owing to the use of transversely-wide and longitudinally-short electron bunch and transversely travelling wave, the proposed “single-shot oscilloscope” will open up new avenue for developing the real-time petahertz (PHz) metrology.
Photosynthesis of microalgae enables conversion of light energy into chemical energy to produce biomass and biomaterials. However, the efficiency of this process must be enhanced, and truncation of ...light-harvesting complex (LHC) has been suggested to improve photosynthetic efficiency. We reported an EMS-induced mutant (E5) showing partially reduced LHC in Chlorella vulgaris. We determined the mutation by sequencing the whole genome of WT and E5. Augustus gene prediction was used for determining CDS, and non-synonymous changes in E5 were screened. Among these, we found a point mutation (T to A) in a gene homologous to chloroplast signal recognition particle 43 kDa (CpSRP43). The point mutation changed the 102nd valine to glutamic acid (V102E) located in the first chromodomain. Phylogenetic analyses of CpSRP43 revealed that this amino acid was valine or isoleucine in microalgae and plants, suggesting important functions. Transformation of E5 with WT CpSRP43 showed varying degrees of complementation, which was demonstrated by partial recovery of the LHCII proteins to the WT level, and partially restored photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic ETR, NPQ, and growth, indicating that the V102E mutation was responsible for the reduced LHC in E5.
In this paper, we propose a terahertz (THz) guided-mode resonance (GMR) notch filter made of a monolithic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, which has a monolayer grating structure. The proposed ...configuration shows both polarization-dependent and polarization-independent notch filter characteristics for the incident THz wave depending on the rotation angle of the second grating film. When the rotation angle is 0°, the filtering strength (transmittance) at resonance frequency changes from 0.4 (0.996) to 99.0% (0.010) according to the incident polarization. The transmittance continuously decreases with increasing rotation angle until 90°. When the rotation angle is 90°, the transmittance converges to 0.065 (± 0.015) independent of the incident wave polarization. When the incident polarization angle ranges from 90° to 180°, paradoxically, the transmittance through the two GMR grating films is greater than the transmittance through only the first GMR grating film due to the enhancement of the vertical component of the THz wave. These results agree well with a calculation using a polar coordinate system.
Introduction
Nonsecretory multiple myeloma (NSM) is a rare variant of multiple myeloma, accounting for approximately 1%–5% of all reported cases. We compared the characteristics of NSM and secretory ...multiple myeloma (SM).
Methods
We examined clinical and laboratory characteristics of 17 patients diagnosed with NSM and 40 patients diagnosed with SM. NSM was diagnosed based on findings of bone marrow (BM) examination, serum‐free light chain (sFLC) assay, flow cytometric (FCM) immunophenotyping, chromosomal analysis, and imaging studies.
Results
No patient with NSM had hypercalcemia or renal insufficiency at diagnosis. Patients with NSM were less anemic (p < .05) but had higher lactate dehydrogenase levels (p < .05) than patients with SM. In addition, patients with NSM had a lower percentage of plasma cells in the BM, confirmed by manual differential count (p < .05) and FCM immunophenotyping (p < .05). The sFLC ratio in patients with NSM was abnormal (15/17, 88.2%) and was lower than that in patients with SM (p < .05). Risk stratification in Revised International Staging System revealed a low‐risk tendency in patients with NSM (p = .235).
Conclusion
NSM patients showed different clinical and laboratory characteristics from SM patients. FCM immunophenotyping and sFLC assay particularly had differences between NSM patients and SM patients. Thus, they are essential for diagnosing NSM.
Carbon capture and sequestration is emerging as a promising technology to mitigate the greenhouse effect by reducing CO2 emissions. Of a number of metal oxides applied as CO2 absorbents, MgO is a ...potential material that can operate in a relatively low elevated temperature range (200–500 °C), namely, intermediate-temperatures. In the present research, we investigated the characteristics of CO2 absorption and desorption on MgO-based absorbents promoted by molten alkali metal carbonate that has a melting point of 397 °C (eutectic molar ratio of Li2CO3 : Na2CO3 : K2CO3 = 0.435 : 0.315 : 0.250). These absorbents absorb CO2 in two steps with the first step being very fast and large in capacity in comparison with other related absorbents in the literature and the second step being much slower than the first one. The overall capacity can be as large as 77% MgO conversion, much larger than other carbonate-promoted MgO absorbents in the literature. The fast first step of CO2 absorption is associated with the reaction of highly basic sites on the MgO surface formed through the interaction between the carbonates and MgO upon pre-treatment. Detailed analyses via in situ XRD revealed that MgCO3 and a new phase, probably a double carbonate between Mg and alkali ions, are formed as the carbonation products. A detailed mechanism is proposed based on the experimental data, which highlights the unique properties of the molten alkali carbonate as a dissolution medium for CO2 and MgO and even the product MgCO3.
The Korean 4th Generation Storage Ring (4GSR) project is being developed with the goal of commissioning at the end of 2027. The facility aims to generate the ultra-low emittance beam with the beam ...current of 400 mA and the beam energy of 4 GeV. To accelerate and store the beam to desired parameter, 500 MHz normal cavity, high power RF amplifier and digital Low Level RF (LLRF) system will be installed in the main ring. This paper describes the design study about the LLRF prototype system for digital feedback control and overview of the RF signal processing schemes. In addition, the performance test result about traditional field control algorithms associated to the LLRF system will be presented.
In this study, to produce adipic acid, mutant strains of
Candida tropicalis
KCTC 7212 deficient of
AOX
genes encoding acyl-CoA oxidases which are important in the β-oxidation pathway were ...constructed. Production of adipic acid in the mutants from the most favorable substrate C12 methyl laurate was significantly increased. The highest level of production of adipic acid was obtained in the
C. tropicalis
ΔAOX4::AOX5 mutant of 339.8 mg L
−1
which was about 5.4-fold higher level compared to the parent strain. The
C. tropicalis
ΔAOX4::AOX5 mutant was subjected to fed-batch fermentation at optimized conditions of agitation rate of 1000 rpm, pH 5.0 and methyl laurate of 3% (w/v), giving the maximum level of adipic acid of 12.1 g L
−1
and production rate of 0.1 g L
−1
h
−1
.
The development of highly efficient and stable electrocatalysts at an affordable cost is an essential component for the large‐scale implementation of green hydrogen production. In this work, the ...fabrication of porous CoMnB electrocatalyst is demonstrated with the incorporation of boron into the Co‐Mn matrix by an electrochemical approach for bifunctional water electrocatalysis for the first time. The optimized CoMnB electrocatalyst demonstrates an excellent bifunctionality with a low 2‐E turnover voltage of 1.59 V at 20 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH. The CoMnB shows a comparable water‐splitting current at low current range as compared with the standard benchmark electrodes of Pt/C||RuO2 in 1 m KOH. Then, the CoMnB outperforms the benchmarks at above 800 mA cm−2, indicating a better H2 and O2 generation performance at the industrial operational condition of high current range. The CoMnB also exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity in real sea water +1 m KOH. In addition, the porous CoMnB electrocatalyst exhibits an excellent stability with stable current for continuous 72 h operation at high current and excellent repeatability after 1000 cycles. The result ranks the CoMnB as one of the best transition metal‐based water‐splitting electrocatalysts at low cost with an easy fabrication approach.
A boron‐incorporating porous CoMnB electrocatalyst demonstrates a better water‐splitting performance over the benchmark electrodes of Pt/C and RuO2 at above 800 mA cm−2 with a cell voltage of 2.33 V in 1 m KOH.
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