•Microsaccades are initially suppressed by peripheral cueing but quickly rebound.•Cue validity modulates the temporal profile of microsaccade amplitude.•The cueing effect in response accuracy ...correlates with microsaccade amplitude only.
Attention flexibly shifts between spatial locations to accommodate task demands. The present study examined if the dynamics of attentional shifting are seen in microsaccades whose direction has been shown to accompany the shifts of covert attention. In a spatial cueing task, the cue predicted the target location on 100%, 75%, or 50% of the trials. The results revealed that microsaccade rate and amplitude were both reduced following cue onset and then rebounded. Both microsaccade rate and amplitude were biased towards the opposite direction of the cue and then returned to the cued direction. Importantly, the cue validity modulated the temporal profile of microsaccade amplitude but had little impact on the temporal profile of microsaccade rate. In line with this, the cueing effect measured with target response accuracy was correlated with the microsaccade amplitude only. These results indicate that the temporal dynamics of microsaccade amplitude reflect shifting of covert attention.
Statistical encoding compresses redundant information from multiple items into a single summary metric (e.g., mean). Such statistical representation has been suggested to be automatic, but at which ...stage it is extracted is unknown. Here, we examined the involvement of the subcortex in the processing of summary statistics. We presented an array of circles dichoptically or monocularly while matching the number of perceived circles after binocular fusion. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that interocularly suppressed, invisible circles were automatically involved in the summary statistical representation, but only when they were presented to the same eye as the visible circles. This same-eye effect was further observed for consciously processed circles in Experiment 3, in which the estimated mean size of the circles was biased toward the information transmitted by monocular channels. Together, we provide converging evidence that the processing of summary statistics, an assumed high-level cognitive process, is mediated by subcortical structures.
This paper discussed an improved gray forecasting method based on fuzzy clustering and Markov correction. Gray forecasting model is suitable for load forecasting for its simple principle and ...convenient calculation in small sample. But there are some limitations for great fluctuating load. In this paper, get initial forecasting load with GM(1,1) model at first. Then calculate the relative error of each time. On the basis of that, use fuzzy clustering method to classify the error and divide into some reasonable groups. At last, predict the most possible state of next error with multistep Markov transition probability matrix in order to correct the forecasting results of GM(1,1) model. The new complex algorithm can fully utilize the information of history data and further broad the application of gray forecasting method. Application results show that the error can be limited to the level of 3% which is better than GM(1,1) model.
Under the high-speed vibration milling conditions, the solvent and catalyst-free azo-Michael addition of chalcone derivatives and amines was found to proceed efficiently in excellent yields at ...ambient temperature in short reaction time. In most cases, conventional side reactions were avoided and thus quantitative yields were achieved. The influences of the vibration frequency and reaction time on the azo-Michael addition were investigated.
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