This study examined the association between key components of physical fitness with inhibition and cognitive flexibility in preschoolers.
This was a cross-sectional study of 362 Spanish preschoolers. ...The key components of physical fitness and executive functioning were measured.
The partial correlation controlling for body mass index and family socioeconomic status showed that inhibition was positively related to cardiorespiratory fitness. No association was found between muscular strength (i.e., standing long jump and dynamometry) and speed/agility with inhibition or between physical fitness components and cognitive flexibility. The inhibition mean scores were significantly higher in preschoolers with higher cardiorespiratory than in their peers who were in lower categories, after adjustments were made for confounders. Additionally, the results showed that cardiorespiratory fitness was a significant predictor of inhibition, but for cognitive flexibility, age was the only significant predictor.
Our data suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with inhibition in preschoolers. Likewise, our results also suggest that cognitive flexibility is an executive function that is more dependent on changes associated with age at this development stage. These findings are important for supporting initiatives that aimed at stimulating healthy brain development, and promote the improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness at early ages.
IMPORTANCE: The 5-item Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food (SCOFF) questionnaire is the most widely used screening measure for eating disorders. However, no previous systematic review and meta-analysis ...determined the proportion of disordered eating among children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To establish the proportion among children and adolescents of disordered eating as assessed with the SCOFF tool. DATA SOURCES: Four databases were systematically searched (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) with date limits from January 1999 to November 2022. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were required to meet the following criteria: (1) participants: studies of community samples of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years and (2) outcome: disordered eating assessed by the SCOFF questionnaire. The exclusion criteria included (1) studies conducted with young people who had a diagnosis of physical or mental disorders; (2) studies that were published before 1999 because the SCOFF questionnaire was designed in that year; (3) studies in which data were collected during COVID-19 because they could introduce selection bias; (4) studies based on data from the same surveys/studies to avoid duplication; and (5) systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses and qualitative and case studies. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Proportion of disordered eating among children and adolescents assessed with the SCOFF tool. RESULTS: Thirty-two studies, including 63 181 participants, from 16 countries were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall proportion of children and adolescents with disordered eating was 22.36% (95% CI, 18.84%-26.09%; P < .001; n = 63 181) (I2 = 98.58%). Girls were significantly more likely to report disordered eating (30.03%; 95% CI, 25.61%-34.65%; n = 27 548) than boys (16.98%; 95% CI, 13.46%-20.81%; n = 26 170) (P < .001). Disordered eating became more elevated with increasing age (B, 0.03; 95% CI, 0-0.06; P = .049) and body mass index (B, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.05; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the available evidence from 32 studies comprising large samples from 16 countries showed that 22% of children and adolescents showed disordered eating according to the SCOFF tool. Proportion of disordered eating was further elevated among girls, as well as with increasing age and body mass index. These high figures are concerning from a public health perspective and highlight the need to implement strategies for preventing eating disorders.
Aim
To estimate the global prevalence of intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) and the IDD prevalence–genotype association in Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) ...according to the affected isoforms of the DMD gene: Dp427, Dp140, Dp71.
Method
Systematic searches in MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were conducted from inception of each database to March 2022. Observational studies that determined the prevalence of IDD in the population with BMD or DMD were included. Meta‐analyses of IDD prevalence and prevalence ratios of the IDD–genotype association were conducted.
Results
Forty‐nine studies were included. The prevalence of IDD in BMD was 8.0% (95% confidence interval 5.0–11.0), and in DMD it was 22.0% (18.0–27.0). Meta‐analyses of IDD–genotype association showed a deleterious association between IDD and the number of isoforms affected in DMD, with a prevalence ratio = 0.43 (0.28–0.64) and 0.17 (0.09–0.34) for Dp140+/Dp71+ versus Dp140−/Dp71+ and Dp140+/Dp71+ versus Dp140−/Dp71− comparisons respectively. However, in BMD, there was no association for Dp140+/Dp71+ versus Dp140−/Dp71+.
Interpretation
There is a high prevalence of IDD in BMD and DMD. Moreover, the number of isoforms affected is strongly and negatively associated with the prevalence of IDD in DMD.
What this paper adds
The global prevalence of intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) was 8% in Becker muscular dystrophy and 22% in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
The global prevalence of IDD in DMD was 12%, 29%, and 84% in participants with Dp427−/Dp140+/Dp71+, Dp427−/Dp140−/Dp71+, and Dp427−/Dp140−/Dp71− genotypes respectively.
In DMD, 12% and 22% of participants had abnormal performance IQ and verbal IQ values respectively.
What this paper adds
The global prevalence of intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) was 8% in Becker muscular dystrophy and 22% in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
The global prevalence of IDD in DMD was 12%, 29%, and 84% in participants with Dp427−/Dp140+/Dp71+, Dp427−/Dp140−/Dp71+, and Dp427−/Dp140−/Dp71− genotypes respectively.
In DMD, 12% and 22% of participants had abnormal performance IQ and verbal IQ values respectively.
Previous research has studied the influence of physical fitness on academic achievement through executive functions. However, the nature of this relationship remains unclear. This study aimed to ...analyze how cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and executive functions are associated with academic achievement and to examine whether the relationship between CRF and academic achievement is mediated by executive functions in schoolchildren.
This was a cross-sectional study including 570 schoolchildren, aged 8 to 11 years, from Cuenca, Spain. Data were collected from September to October 2017. Sociodemographic variables, family socioeconomic status, pubertal status, academic achievement, CRF (20-meter shuttle run test) and executive functions (inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory, NIH Toolbox battery in Spanish, v 1.8; iPad Pro, Apple, Inc.) were measured.
Overall, ANCOVA models controlling for age, gender and mother educational level showed higher scores in language and mathematics in children in higher categories of CRF, inhibition, cognitive flexibility and working memory than in children in lower categories. The effect sizes were moderate (p < 0.05, partial eta squared: from 0.05 to 0.12). Moreover, the mediation analysis showed that inhibition partially mediated the relationship between CRF and language (c' = 0.058; IC = 0.005; 0.028) and mathematics (c' = 0.064; IC = 0.005; 0.030) grades. Similarly, cognitive flexibility mediated CRF's relationship with language (c' = 0.059; IC = 0.003; 0.028) and with mathematics (c' = 0.066; IC = 0.003; 0.029); however, a significant relationship remained. For working memory, mediation analysis showed no significant results (c' = 0.92; IC = -0.002;0.025 P > 0.05 in language; c' = 0.103; IC = -0.002;0.029 P > 0.05 in mathematics). Mediation ranged from 13.38% to 36%.
Children in higher categories of both CRF and executive function showed higher grades in mathematics and language. The findings indicated that a significant proportion of the positive influence of CRF on academic achievement was mediated by improvements in inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Thus, this study supports the hypothesis that improvements in CRF may contribute to increasing academic achievement not only through a direct mechanism but also through improvements in executive functions.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this study was to examine the association of family meals and social eating behavior with disordered eating behavior in Spanish adolescents.
This was a cross-sectional study that included ...706 adolescents (43.9% boys) from the Eating Habits and Daily Life Activities (EHDLA) study (aged 12 to 17) from
, Region of Murcia, Spain. The frequency of family meals was assessed by asking participants to report how often their family, or most household members, had shared meals in the past week. Social eating behavior was evaluated using three statements: "I enjoy sitting down with family or friends for a meal", "Having at least one meal a day with others (family or friends) is important to me", and "I usually have dinner with others". To evaluate disordered eating, two psychologists administered the Sick, Control, One, Fat and Food (SCOFF) questionnaire.
After adjusting for several covariates, for each additional family meal, the likelihood of having disordered eating behavior was lower (odds ratio (OR) = 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93 to 0.9997,
= 0.049). On the other hand, a lower likelihood of having disordered eating behavior was observed for each additional point in the social eating behavior scale (OR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.77 to 0.93,
= 0.001). The likelihood of having disordered eating behavior was 0.7% lower for each additional family meal (95% CI 0.01% to 1.4%,
= 0.046). Furthermore, for each additional point in the social eating behavior scale, a lower probability of having disordered eating behavior was observed (3.2%; 95% CI 1.4% to 5.0%,
< 0.001).
While disordered eating behavior is complex and can be shaped by various factors, both family meals and social eating behavior emerge as significant factors inversely associated with this condition among adolescents. Promoting regular engagement in family meals and fostering positive social eating experiences could serve as effective strategies in public health initiatives aimed at mitigating the incidence of disordered eating behavior among the young population.
We aimed to examine the trajectory of psychosocial functioning in a sample of euthymic patients with bipolar disorder (BD) throughout a 5-year follow-up. Ninety-nine euthymic bipolar patients and 40 ...healthy controls (HC) were included. A neurocognitive assessment (17 neurocognitive measures grouped in 6 domains) was carried out at baseline. The split version of the Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF-F) and the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) were used to examine psychosocial functioning at baseline (T1), and after a 5-year follow-up (T2). The statistical analysis was performed through repeated measures ANOVA and hierarchical cluster analysis based on the GAF-F and the FAST scores at T1 and T2. Eighty-seven patients (87.9%) were evaluated at T2. The cluster analysis identified two groups of patients. The first group included 44 patients (50.6%) who did not show a progression of the functional impairment (BD-NPI). The second cluster, which included 43 patients (49.4%), was characterized by a progression of the functional impairment (BD-PI). The BD-PI had a higher number of relapses and a higher number of hospitalizations during the follow-up period, as well as worse neurocognitive functioning than the BD-NPI. The repeated measures ANOVA confirmed that the psychosocial performance of BD-NPI is stable while there was a progression of the functional deterioration in BD-PI. The trajectory of the psychosocial functioning of patients with BD is not homogeneous. Our results suggest that in at least one subset of patients with BD, which might account for half of the patients, the disease has a progressive course.
Scientific literature has suggested positive associations between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young populations. However, to our knowledge, this ...relationship is unexplored during a situation of social isolation (i.e., lockdown). The objective of the current study is to examine the relationship between the MD and HRQoL during the COVID-19 lockdown among preschoolers, children, and adolescents from Brazil and Spain. This cross-sectional study includes a sample of 1099 three- to seventeen-year-old participants (47.6% girls) who were recruited via social networks. The HRQoL was assessed with the EQ-5D-Y. The Quality Index for Children and Teenagers (KIDMED) questionnaire was applied to evaluate the relationship between the MD and HRQoL. The highest prevalence of reported problems was found for worried, sad, or unhappy participants (39.8%). Furthermore, the lowest proportion of HRQoL problems was observed for "mobility" (2.5%). The proportion of high adherence to the MD was 44.3%. Participants with greater MD adherence reported higher HRQoL mean scores when compared with those who did not adhere to the MD (83.7 ± 0.6 vs. 85.6 ± 0.7, respectively;
< 0.05). Adherence to the MD and especially daily fruit intake were related to higher HRQoL during the COVID-19 lockdown among Brazilian and Spanish young people aged three to seventeen years.
Cortisol levels are implicated in emotional and cognitive development in children. However, it is not clear whether daytime napping influences cortisol levels in early childhood. This systematic ...review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available evidence regarding the association between daytime napping and salivary cortisol in early childhood. The Medline, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Collaboration databases were searched for observational and experimental studies reporting data about napping behavior and salivary cortisol in children 0–5 years of age. Salivary cortisol levels were analyzed in three situations: CAR, cortisol awakening response from nap awakening; PRE-POST, before and after a daytime nap; and DIURNAL, from morning awakening to bedtime. Five studies showed a significant CAR after napping (mean difference, MD: 0.11μg/mL; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.04, 0.18). In the PRE-POST analysis, a small decrease was observed for at-home naps (MD: -0.05 μg/mL; 95% CI: − 0.09, − 0.02) but not for at-childcare naps (MD: 0.04 μg/mL; 95% CI: − 0.01, 0.09). A similar pattern of DIURNAL salivary cortisol decrease was observed when children took a nap (MD: − 0.34 μg/mL; 95% CI: − 0.41, − 0.28) and when they did not sleep during the day (MD: − 0.28 μg/mL; 95% CI: − 0.38, − 0.19).
Conclusions
: Daytime napping plays a minor role in the fluctuation of salivary cortisol levels during the day. The conditions of the home or the childcare environment under which napping occurs might have a greater influence on cortisol levels than daytime napping itself in early childhood. PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42020212249.
What is Known:
• The regulation of sleep involves circadian rhythmicity of cortisol secretion via activation of the HPA axis and a subsequent release of cortisol upon morning awakening followed by a decline throughout the day
.
What is New:
• The available evidence supports the occurrence of a cortisol awakening response after a daytime nap.
• A small decrease in cortisol after napping was observed when the nap occurred at home but not at childcare.
• The conditions of the home or childcare environment under which the nap occurs and the activities before and after napping may have a greater influence on cortisol levels than napping itself.
The objective of this study was to analyze the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and mental health symptoms in a nationally representative sample of the Brazilian adolescent ...student population. Cross-sectional analyses with data from the National School-Based Health Survey (PeNSE 2019) were performed. Self-reported information was obtained for the frequency of five mental health symptoms in the last month and the consumption of thirteen UPFs in the last 24 h. Generalized linear models adjusting for the main confounders were performed for each sex. Of the 94,767 adolescent students (52.4% girls) included, 8.1% of the boys and 27.2% of the girls reported "almost always" or "always" having at least four of the five mental health symptoms. In the fully adjusted models, compared to the boys who consumed ≤3 UPF, those consuming ≥6 UPF reported more frequent symptoms of poor mental health (ß-coefficient = 0.27 0.03, 0.51;
-for-trend = 0.005). A similar association was observed in girls (ß-coefficient = 0.31 0.13, 0.50;
-for-trend = 0.001). In conclusion, in this large sample of adolescent students from an entire country, the higher the consumption of UPF was, the higher the frequency of reported symptoms of poor mental health. These findings remained significant regardless of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, self-perceived body image, and bullying victimization.
The network meta-analysis and systematic review conducted aim to comparatively assess the effects of tree nuts and peanuts on body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and ...body fat percentage (BF%). A systematic search up to 31 December 2020 was performed. A random-effects network meta-analysis was conducted following the PRISMA-NMA statement. A total of 105 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with measures of BW (n = 6768 participants), BMI (n = 2918), WC (n = 5045), and BF% (n = 1226) were included. The transitivity assumption was met based on baseline characteristics. In the comparisons of nut consumption versus a control diet, there was no significant increase observed in any of the adiposity-related measures examined except for hazelnut-enriched diets, which raised WC. Moreover, almond-enriched diets significantly reduced WC compared to the control diet and to the pistachio-, mixed nuts-, and hazelnut-enriched diets. In subgroup analyses with only RCTs, designed to assess whether nut consumption affected weight loss, almonds were associated with reduced BMI and walnuts with reduced %BF. The evidence supports that: (1) tree nut and peanut consumption do not influence adiposity, and (2) compared to a control diet, the consumption of almond-enriched diets was associated with a reduced waist circumference.
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