Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent cause of X-linked inherited intellectual disabilities (ID) and the most frequent monogenic form of autism spectrum disorders. It is caused by an ...expansion of a CGG trinucleotide repeat located in the 5'UTR of the
gene, resulting in the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP. Other mechanisms such as deletions or point mutations of the
gene have been described and account for approximately 1% of individuals with FXS. Here, we report a 7-year-old boy with FXS with a
deletion of approximately 1.1 Mb encompassing several genes, including the
and the
genes, and several miRNAs, whose lack of function could result in the observed proband phenotypes. In addition, we also demonstrate that
completely overlaps with
, and there are no sequencing differences between both transcripts (i.e.,
throughout the article).
Sertraline is one among several selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that exhibited improvement of language development in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); however, the molecular mechanism ...has not been elucidated. A double blind, randomized, 6-month, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of low-dose sertraline in children ages (3-6 years) with ASD was conducted at the UC Davis MIND Institute. It aimed at evaluating the efficacy and benefit with respect to early expressive language development and global clinical improvement. This study aimed to identify molecular biomarkers that might be key players in the serotonin pathway and might be predictive of a clinical response to sertraline. Fifty eight subjects with the diagnosis of ASD were randomized to sertraline or placebo. Eight subjects from the sertraline arm and five from the placebo arm discontinued from the study. Furthermore, four subjects did not have a successful blood draw. Hence, genotypes for 41 subjects (20 on placebo and 21 on sertraline) were determined for several genes involved in the serotonin pathway including the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (
), the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (
), and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (
). In addition, plasma levels of
, Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (
) and a selected panel of cytokines were determined at baseline and post-treatment. Intent-to-treat analysis revealed several primary significant correlations between molecular changes and the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) and Clinical Global Impression Scale - Improvement (CGI-I) of treatment and control groups but they were not significant after adjustment for multiple testing. Thus, sertraline showed no benefit for treatment of young children with ASD in language development or changes in molecular markers in this study. These results indicate that sertraline may not be beneficial for the treatment of children with ASD; however, further investigation of larger groups as well as longer term follow-up studies are warranted.
The prevalence of the fragile X premutation (55–200 CGG repeats) among the general population is relatively high, but there remains a lack of clear understanding of the links between molecular ...biomarkers and clinical outcomes.
In this study we investigated the correlations between molecular measures (CGG repeat size, FMR1 mRNA, FMRP expression levels, and methylation status at the promoter region and in FREE2 site) and clinical phenotypes (anxiety, obsessive compulsive symptoms, depression and executive function deficits) in 36 adult premutation female carriers and compared to 24 normal control subjects.
Premutation carriers reported higher levels of obsessive compulsive symptoms, depression, and anxiety, but demonstrated no significant deficits in global cognitive functions or executive function compared to the control group. Increased age in carriers was significantly associated with increased anxiety levels.
As expected, FMR1 mRNA expression was significantly correlated with CGG repeat number. However, no significant correlations were observed between molecular (including epigenetic) measures and clinical phenotypes in this sample. Our study, albeit limited by the sample size, establishes the complexity of the mechanisms that link the FMR1 locus to the clinical phenotypes commonly observed in female carriers suggesting that other factors, including environment or additional genetic changes, may have an impact on the clinical phenotypes. However, it continues to emphasize the need for assessment and treatment of psychiatric problems in female premutation carriers.
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common heritable form of intellectual disability and is caused by CGG repeat expansions exceeding 200 (full mutation). Such expansions lead to hypermethylation ...and transcriptional silencing of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene. As a consequence, little or no FMR1 protein (FMRP) is produced; absence of the protein, which normally is responsible for neuronal development and maintenance, causes the syndrome. Previous studies have demonstrated the causal relationship between FMRP levels and cognitive abilities in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and dermal fibroblast cell lines of patients with FXS. However, it is arguable whether PBMCs or fibroblasts would be the preferred surrogate for measuring molecular markers, particularly FMRP, to represent the cognitive impairment, a core symptom of FXS. To address this concern, CGG repeats, methylation status, FMR1 mRNA, and FMRP levels were measured in both PBMCs and fibroblasts derived from 66 individuals. The findings indicated a strong association between FMR1 mRNA expression levels and CGG repeat numbers in PBMCs of premutation males after correcting for methylation status. Moreover, FMRP expression levels from both PBMCs and fibroblasts of male participants with a hypermethylated full mutation and with mosaicism demonstrated significant association between the intelligence quotient levels and FMRP levels, suggesting that PBMCs may be preferable for FXS clinical studies, because of their greater accessibility.
Background: Size and methylation mosaicism are a common phenomenon in Fragile X syndrome (FXS). Here, the authors report a study on twelve fragile X males with atypical mosaicism, seven of whom ...presented with autism spectrum disorder.
Methods: A combination of Southern Blot and PCR analysis was used for CGG allele sizing and methylation. FMR1 mRNA and FMRP expression were measured by qRT-PCR and by Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence methodology, respectively.
Results: DNA analysis showed atypical size- or methylation-mosaicism with both, full mutation and smaller (normal to premutation) alleles, as well as a combination of methylated and unmethylated alleles. Four individuals carried a deletion of the CGG repeat and portions of the flanking regions. The extent of methylation among the participants was reflected in the lower FMR1 mRNA and FMRP expression levels detected in these subjects.
Conclusion: Decreased gene expression is likely the main contributor to the cognitive impairment observed in these subjects; although the presence of a normal allele did not appear to compensate for the presence of the full mutation, it correlated with better cognitive function in some but not all of the reported cases emphasizing the complexity of the molecular and clinical profile in FXS.
The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (
) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5' untranslated region and increased ...levels of
mRNA. Molecular mechanisms leading to fragile X-premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC) include cotranscriptional R-loop formations,
mRNA toxicity through both RNA gelation into nuclear foci and sequestration of various CGG-repeat-binding proteins, and the repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)-initiated translation of potentially toxic proteins. Such molecular mechanisms contribute to subsequent consequences, including mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death. Clinically, premutation carriers may exhibit a wide range of symptoms and phenotypes. Any of the problems associated with the premutation can appropriately be called FXPAC. Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), and fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND) can fall under FXPAC. Understanding the molecular and clinical aspects of the premutation of the
gene is crucial for the accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and appropriate management of affected individuals and families. This paper summarizes all the known problems associated with the premutation and documents the presentations and discussions that occurred at the International Premutation Conference, which took place in New Zealand in 2023.
Abstract Aberrant CGG trinucleotide amplification within the FMR1 gene, which spans approximately 38 Kb of genomic DNA is almost always what leads to fragile X syndrome (FXS). However, deletions of ...part or the entire FMR1 gene can also cause FXS. Both CGG amplification-induced silencing and deletions result in the absence of the FMR1 gene product, FMRP. Here, we report a rare case of germinal mosaicism of a deletion encompassing approximately 300 Kb of DNA, which by removing the entire FMR1 gene led to FXS. The male proband, carrying the deletion, presented in clinic with the typical features of FXS. His mother was analyzed by FISH on metaphase chromosomes with cosmid probe c22.3 spanning the FMR1 locus, and she was found not to carry the deletion on 30 analyzed cells from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Prenatal examination of the mother's third pregnancy showed that the male fetus also had the same deletion as the proband. Following this prenatal diagnosis, FISH analysis in the mother was expanded to 400 metaphases from peripheral lymphocytes, and a heterozygous FMR1 deletion was found in three. Although this result could be considered questionable from a diagnostic point of view, it indicates that the deletion is in the ovary's germinal cells.
The premutation of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene is characterized by an expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats (55 to 200 CGGs) in the 5’ untranslated region and ...increased levels of FMR1 mRNA. Molecular mechanisms leading to fragile X-premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC) include cotranscriptional R-loop formations, FMR1 mRNA toxicity through both RNA gelation into nuclear foci and sequestration of various CGG-repeat-binding proteins, and the repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN)-initiated translation of potentially toxic proteins. Such molecular mechanisms contribute to subsequent consequences, including mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death. Clinically, premutation carriers may exhibit a wide range of symptoms and phenotypes. Any of the problems associated with the premutation can appropriately be called FXPAC. Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), and fragile X-associated neuropsychiatric disorders (FXAND) can fall under FXPAC. Understanding the molecular and clinical aspects of the premutation of the FMR1 gene is crucial for the accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and appropriate management of affected individuals and families. This paper summarizes all the known problems associated with the premutation and documents the presentations and discussions that occurred at the International Premutation Conference, which took place in New Zealand in 2023.
PDF
