Sportowcy, trenerzy i uczeni zajmujący się sportem nieustannie pracują nad tym, aby maksymalizować tzw. formę sportową w terminie najważniejszych zawodów. Szczyt formy osiąga się zwykle wskutek ...obniżenia obciążenia treningowego we wcześniej zaplanowanym okresie przed zawodami. Taki okres „okrojonego” treningu określany jest jako tapering (taper). Tapering jest złożonym procesem, na który oddziałuje wiele czynników, między innymi objętość, intensywność oraz częstość treningu. Jeśli proces ten przebiega właściwie, to możliwe jest przygotowywanie formy szczytowej w terminie głównych zawodów. Tapering może się wiec stać jednym z najbardziej rozstrzygających czynników przygotowania sportowca do zawodów. Cel pracy i pytania badawczeBadania podjęto w ramach grantu nr RSA2 023 52, którego celem było wspomaganie sportu akademickiego. Celem pracy stało się zidentyfikowanie rodzaju i wielkości taperingu zastosowanego przez trenerów sekcji lekkoatletyki KS AZS AWF Wrocław w odniesieniu do zawodników elity, kandydujących do startów w Akademickich Mistrzostwach Świata, w Mistrzostwach Świata i Europy, a także w Igrzyskach Olimpijskich. Celem utylitarnym było opracowanie zaleceń, co do optymalnej strategii tapering.Metoda i materiał badawczyZastosowano metodę obserwacji i pomiaru. Rejestrowano obciążenia treningowe i reakcje na te obciążenia w mezocyklu bezpośredniego przygotowania startowego (BPS) w cyklu treningowym lekkoatletów w roku 2014. Badania dotyczyły dwóch grup treningowych prowadzonych przez trenerów TT i MR sekcji lekkoatletycznej AZS AWF we Wrocławiu.Materiał badawczy stanowiły zapiski trenerów, zapiski w dzienniczkach treningowych oraz notatki z pomiarów obciążeń dokonywanych bieżąco w czasie realizacji jednostek treningowych. Dane te weryfikowano poprzez dokonywanie pomiarów stężenia mleczanu i częstości tętna, co pozwoliło na kontrolę wybranych fizjologicznych efektów treningu.Najważniejsza informacja wynikająca z przeprowadzenia badań jest taka, że obaj trenerzy realizowali tapering wyłącznie w zakresie objętości treningu. W żadnym przypadku nie zmieniano częstotliwości treningów. Struktura 7-dniowego mikrocyklu została zachowana aż do dnia startu. Nie zrezygnowano z żadnej jednostki treningowej. Obaj trenerzy nigdy nie zmniejszali intensywności stosowanych środków, a nawet, poprzez pomiar czasu biegów i motywowanie zawodników, powodowali zwiększanie intensywności, czyli prędkości pokonywanych odcinków biegowych. Strategia taperingu przyjęta przez trenerów nie dotyczyła więc ani częstotliwości treningów, ani intensywności, a jedynie objętości stosowanych środków treningowych.Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań i ich analizy można sformułować następujące wnioski:1. Trenerzy realizują zindywidualizowane programy taperingu.2. W analizowanych przypadkach okres taperingu wynosił ok. 16 dni.3. Tapering polegał na zmniejszeniu objętości obciążenia do wartości 30-60% w zależności od rodzaju jednostki treningowej.4. Nie zmniejszano intensywności obciążenia oraz częstotliwości treningu.AbstractAthletes, coaches, and sports academics are constantly working to maximize the, so called, sports form during the most important competitions. The form peak is usually achieved by decreasing the training load in the pre-scheduled period before the competition. This period of "cut-down" training is referred to as the tapering (or the taper). Tapering is a complex process affected by the number of factors, including volume, intensity, and frequency of training. If this process is successful, it is possible to achieve the peak form at the time of the major competitions. Tapering can thus become one of the most decisive factors in preparing an athlete for a competition.Aim of the paper and research questions.The research was undertaken under the grant RSA2 023 52 aimed at supporting the academic sport. The aim of the study was to identify the type and size of tapering used by coaches from the athletic section of KS AZS AWF Wroclaw in relation to top ranked athletes competing for the Academic World Championships, World and European Championships, and the Olympic Games. The utilitarian purpose was to develop recommendations for optimal tapering strategies.Method and test materialThe method of observation and measurement was applied. The training loads and responses to these loads during the direct competing preparation mesocycle (BPS) were recorded during the athlete's training cycle in 2014. The study involved two training groups coached by the TT and MR coaches from the athletic section of AZS AWF in Wrocław.The research material consisted of coaches' recordings, training diary entries, and records of training loads measurements performed during training units. These data were verified by lactate level and pulse rate measurements, which allowed controlling the selected physiological effects of training.The most important information from the study is that both coaches performed tapering only in the volume of training. In no case did the training frequency change. The structure of the 7-day microcycle was kept until the start day. No training unit had been canceled. Both coaches had never decreased the intensity of the means used, and they even motivated the athletes by measurements of the running time to increase the intensity, i.e. the speed for the running sections. Therefore, the tapering strategy adopted by the coaches did not concern either the frequency or the intensity of trainings, but only the volume of training measures used.Based on the results of the research and their analysis, the following conclusions can be formulated:1. Trainers implement personal tapering programs.2. In the analyzed cases, the tapering period amounted to approximately 16 days.3. Tapering consisted in reducing the volume of workload to 30-60%, depending on the training unit type.4. No workload intensity and training frequency have been decreased.
Wykonanie treningu Fran powoduje istotne zmiany w homeostazie sportowca. Czas trwania wysiłku wykazuje bardzo słabą korelację ze stażem treningowym. Największą korelację czasu wysiłku ze zmierzonym ...parametrem wykazuje aktywność kinazy kreatynowej przed wysiłkiem. Ta zależność sugeruje, że próby najszybciej wykonują osoby stale intensywnie trenujące. Badani osiągali HR max w około pierwszej minucie wysiłku i utrzymywali podobną wartość do końca trwania próby. Stężenie mleczanu 3 minuty po wysiłku średnio wynosiło 16,8 mmol/l, co klasyfikuje workout do wysiłków kwasomlekowych. Kilkuminutowy, intensywny trening miał wpływ na uszkodzenia włókien mięśniowych 4 i 24 godziny po wysiłku.
Athletes, coaches, and sports academics are constantly working to maximize the, so called, sports form during the most important competitions. The form peak is usually achieved by decreasing the ...training load in the pre-scheduled period before the competition. This period of "cut-down" training is referred to as the tapering (or the taper). Tapering is a complex process affected by the number of factors, including volume, intensity, and frequency of training. If this process is successful, it is possible to achieve the peak form at the time of the major competitions. Tapering can thus become one of the most decisive factors in preparing an athlete for a competition. Aim of the paper and research questions. The research was undertaken under the grant RSA2 023 52 aimed at supporting the academic sport. The aim of the study was to identify the type and size of tapering used by coaches from the athletic section of KS AZS AWF Wroclaw in relation to top ranked athletes competing for the Academic World Championships, World and European Championships, and the Olympic Games. The utilitarian purpose was to develop recommendations for optimal tapering strategies. Method and test material The method of observation and measurement was applied. The training loads and responses to these loads during the direct competing preparation mesocycle (BPS) were recorded during the athlete's training cycle in 2014. The study involved two training groups coached by the TT and MR coaches from the athletic section of AZS AWF in Wrocław. The research material consisted of coaches' recordings, training diary entries, and records of training loads measurements performed during training units. These data were verified by lactate level and pulse rate measurements, which allowed controlling the selected physiological effects of training. The most important information from the study is that both coaches performed tapering only in the volume of training. In no case did the training frequency change. The structure of the 7-day microcycle was kept until the start day. No training unit had been canceled. Both coaches had never decreased the intensity of the means used, and they even motivated the athletes by measurements of the running time to increase the intensity, i.e. the speed for the running sections. Therefore, the tapering strategy adopted by the coaches did not concern either the frequency or the intensity of trainings, but only the volume of training measures used. Based on the results of the research and their analysis, the following conclusions can be formulated: 1. Trainers implement personal tapering programs. 2. In the analyzed cases, the tapering period amounted to approximately 16 days. 3. Tapering consisted in reducing the volume of workload to 30-60%, depending on the training unit type. 4. No workload intensity and training frequency have been decreased
Wykonanie treningu Fran powoduje istotne zmiany w homeostazie sportowca. Czas trwania wysiłku wykazuje bardzo słabą korelację ze stażem treningowym. Największą korelację czasu wysiłku ze zmierzonym ...parametrem wykazuje aktywność kinazy kreatynowej przed wysiłkiem. Ta zależność sugeruje, że próby najszybciej wykonują osoby stale intensywnie trenujące. Badani osiągali HR max w około pierwszej minucie wysiłku i utrzymywali podobną wartość do końca trwania próby. Stężenie mleczanu 3 minuty po wysiłku średnio wynosiło 16,8 mmol/l, co klasyfikuje workout do wysiłków kwasomlekowych. Kilkuminutowy, intensywny trening miał wpływ na uszkodzenia włókien mięśniowych 4 i 24 godziny po wysiłku.
Athletes, coaches, and sports academics are constantly working to maximize the, so called, sports form during the most important competitions. The form peak is usually achieved by decreasing the ...training load in the pre-scheduled period before the competition. This period of "cut-down" training is referred to as the tapering (or the taper). Tapering is a complex process affected by the number of factors, including volume, intensity, and frequency of training. If this process is successful, it is possible to achieve the peak form at the time of the major competitions. Tapering can thus become one of the most decisive factors in preparing an athlete for a competition. Aim of the paper and research questions. The research was undertaken under the grant RSA2 023 52 aimed at supporting the academic sport. The aim of the study was to identify the type and size of tapering used by coaches from the athletic section of KS AZS AWF Wroclaw in relation to top ranked athletes competing for the Academic World Championships, World and European Championships, and the Olympic Games. The utilitarian purpose was to develop recommendations for optimal tapering strategies. Method and test material The method of observation and measurement was applied. The training loads and responses to these loads during the direct competing preparation mesocycle (BPS) were recorded during the athlete's training cycle in 2014. The study involved two training groups coached by the TT and MR coaches from the athletic section of AZS AWF in Wrocław. The research material consisted of coaches' recordings, training diary entries, and records of training loads measurements performed during training units. These data were verified by lactate level and pulse rate measurements, which allowed controlling the selected physiological effects of training. The most important information from the study is that both coaches performed tapering only in the volume of training. In no case did the training frequency change. The structure of the 7-day microcycle was kept until the start day. No training unit had been canceled. Both coaches had never decreased the intensity of the means used, and they even motivated the athletes by measurements of the running time to increase the intensity, i.e. the speed for the running sections. Therefore, the tapering strategy adopted by the coaches did not concern either the frequency or the intensity of trainings, but only the volume of training measures used. Based on the results of the research and their analysis, the following conclusions can be formulated: 1. Trainers implement personal tapering programs. 2. In the analyzed cases, the tapering period amounted to approximately 16 days. 3. Tapering consisted in reducing the volume of workload to 30-60%, depending on the training unit type. 4. No workload intensity and training frequency have been decreased
Purpose. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in maximal anaerobic power and work output observed in a 15-second maximal power ergometer test following a four to five week-long ...transition period in a group of young sprinters. Methods. Sixteen young sprinters (six women and ten men) were asked to perform a 15-second maximal power output cycle ergometer test (a modified variant of the standard Wingate test). Blood samples were obtained from subjects before the test and three minutes after exercise in order to measure lactate (LA), hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3 -) concentrations. The tests were conducted twice, at the beginning (T1) and the end (T2) of the transition period for each of the sprinters. Results. Changes in the body weight and the body fat content of the sprinters following the transition period were non-significant. When comparing pre- to post-transition period performance, there were no significant changes in total work output (Wtot) and maximal power (Pmax), however these parameters’ ratios to body weight were found to slightly increase in the group of males. A significant increase in the number of total pedal revolutions in males was also observed. There were no changes in the time of maintaining maximal power (Tm) and time to reach maximal power output (Tr) in both groups. No statistically significant changes in the values of the selected parameters LA, H+, HCO3 - and also the ratio of H+ to Wtot were noted between the tests performed at T1 and T2. Conclusion. The four to five week-long transition period did not diminish power and work performance in 15-second maximal power output test in young sprint athletes. Moreover, some of the performance parameters increased in the group of male sprinters.
The technique of liquid-based cytology (LBC) is of increasing diagnostic value in non-gynecological cytology. The purpose of the present study was to validate modifications to stages of the LBC ...process and to assess the diagnostic usefulness of the LBC technique. Between May 2021 and January 2022, a total of 484 samples were prepared from routine cytology tests carried out in the Department of Tumor Pathology of The Greater Poland Cancer Center. The material was obtained from fine-needle aspiration biopsies and fluid samples. One hundred cases were selected for the research described in the article. The slides were prepared using the Becton Dickinson Totalys SlidePrep device. Based on the research, it was concluded that predominantly the LBC technique gives better results than a conventional smear because the background, which would otherwise make it difficult to assess preparations, was eliminated. Additionally, in LBC preparations the cellularity was increased, and the cells were arranged in a monolayer system, which improves the image quality. The introduction of modifications to the LBC method facilitated the process of sample preparation, without adversely affecting the quality of the obtained material.
Rhubarb (Rheum spp.) is a plant characterized by very high antioxidant properties. It is very rich in many compounds that have a pro-health effect on the human body. Polyphenols are natural plant ...substances that can be a very important component in the prevention of various diseases. Therefore, the use of rhubarb as an interesting plant material in various industries has recently increased. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the harvest date and rhubarb variety on the content of polyphenolic compounds. The quantitative determination of polyphenols was performed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rhubarb stalks of two Polish varieties Viktoria and Red Malinowy were used in the study. It was found that rhubarb is a source of flavan-3-ols (86.57–195.98 mg/100 gdm), flavonols (49.79–73.49 mg/100 gdm), anthocyanins (4.33–96.20 mg/100 gdm), and gallotannin (6.32–13.56 mg/100 gdm). Red Malinowy rhubarb from spring harvest was characterized by the highest and VA rhubarb was characterized by the lowest total antioxidant activity. It should be emphasized that the content of individual compounds depended on the variety and the date of harvest of rhubarb. Furthermore, the study revealed a high correlation between the polyphenol content and the total antioxidant capacity.
•We determined polyphenol and antioxidant properties of two varieties of rhubarb.•The highest content of flavan-3-ols was recorded for Red Malinowy rhubarb from spring harvest.•The total procyanidins was the smallest for Victoria rhubarb from spring harvest.•Antioxidant potential was greatly affected by harvest time.•Red Malinowy rhubarb from spring harvest possessed considerable antioxidant activity.
Plasmonic platforms allow reliable visualization and detection of Valrubicin, a medically important chemotherapeutic molecule.
Different plasmonic platforms constructed with silver nanoparticles ...(AgNps) or core-shell nanostructures (Ag@SiO2) deposited and arranged on semitransparent silver/gold mirrors were exploited in the study using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. It is shown that the developed new plasmonic platform provides new quality of sensitive detection of the examined anticancer drug. Due to the interactions of the specimen with surface plasmons the brightness achievable in microscopic imaging of Valrubicin can be enhanced even 50 times for platforms containing core-shell nanoparticles.
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•New plasmonic platforms (pp) for detection of Valrubicin are successfully constructed.•Fluorescence enhancement is significant for pp containing core-shell nanoparticles.•The obtained pp with core-shell nanoparticles occurred more stable for longer time than those with silver nanoparticles.
Introduction
During COVID‐19 pandemic, artificial neural network (ANN) systems have been providing aid for clinical decisions. However, to achieve optimal results, these models should link multiple ...clinical data points to simple models. This study aimed to model the in‐hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation risk using a two step approach combining clinical variables and ANN‐analyzed lung inflammation data.
Methods
A data set of 4317 COVID‐19 hospitalized patients, including 266 patients requiring mechanical ventilation, was analyzed. Demographic and clinical data (including the length of hospital stay and mortality) and chest computed tomography (CT) data were collected. Lung involvement was analyzed using a trained ANN. The combined data were then analyzed using unadjusted and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
Overall in‐hospital mortality associated with ANN‐assigned percentage of the lung involvement (hazard ratio HR: 5.72, 95% confidence interval CI: 4.4–7.43, p < 0.001 for the patients with >50% of lung tissue affected by COVID‐19 pneumonia), age category (HR: 5.34, 95% CI: 3.32–8.59 for cases >80 years, p < 0.001), procalcitonin (HR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.59–2.76, p < 0.001, C‐reactive protein level (CRP) (HR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.25–3.56, p = 0.004), glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.37–2.42, p < 0.001) and troponin (HR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.69–2.72, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the risk of mechanical ventilation is also associated with ANN‐based percentage of lung inflammation (HR: 13.2, 95% CI: 8.65–20.4, p < 0.001 for patients with >50% involvement), age, procalcitonin (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.14–3.2, p = 0.14, eGFR (HR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.2–2.74, p = 0.004) and clinical variables, including diabetes (HR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.91–3.27, p < 0.001), cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (HR: 3.16, 95% CI: 2.38–4.2, p < 0.001) and chronic pulmonary disease (HR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.44–3.7, p < 0.001).
Conclusions
ANN‐based lung tissue involvement is the strongest predictor of unfavorable outcomes in COVID‐19 and represents a valuable support tool for clinical decisions.
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