Evidence is lacking that describe the status of physical activity (PA) behaviours among adolescents in Kazakhstan. The aims of the study are to examine the associations between PA and screen time ...behaviours (STB) among children and young adolescents in Kazakhstan. Data were pooled from the 2015/16 Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) study (N=4932, 49.8% girls, mean (age)=8.77 SD (age) =0.68) and the 2017/18 Health Behaviour in Schoolaged Children (HBSC) study (N=4153, 49.3% girls, Mean(age)=12.93 SD (age)=1.64). Both studies carried out a two-stage cluster sample to determine a national representative sample. Parental reported their children’s PA levels and weekday STB time in the COSI study. In the HBSC study, young adolescents self-reported their PA levels in the past week and the amount of STB hours including TV viewing during weekdays. Data were analysed through cut-offs based on international recommendations of at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA and no more than two hours of screen time per day. The number of children and young adolescents who met the PA recommendations reduced among children aged 9y (68.1%), to young adolescents aged 11y (35%), 13y (37%) and 15y (31%). Similarly, there was a reduction in the proportion of adolescents who met the STB recommendations between the ages of 9y (75%), 11y (60%), 13y (53%), and 15y (47%). Despite some limitations in the methodologies between the COSI and HBSC surveys, and reporting of behaviours, there is a clear pattern that health promoting activities lowers as children transition into young adolescents.
The belief that God actively acts in the world has been fundamental to orthodox Christian theology throughout the history of Christianity. Since the rise of modern science, however, this traditional ...understanding of God’s actions has attracted more and more critique. Firstly, it has been argued God cannot act in the world without violating the allegedly all-encompassing laws of nature, and, consequently, because the laws of nature cannot presumably ever be broken, it is considered totally impossible for God to influence the physical world in any way. Secondly, it is claimed that even if breaking the laws of nature was not, in theory, impossible, it would still be, in practice, impossible for an immaterial entity such as God to influence the material world. In this article, I argue that the first objection, i.e., that God cannot act in the world, holds partly true. I maintain that God cannot act without interfering with the processes of nature (although some recent attempts of building noninterventionist theories of God’ actions have been made). Nevertheless, I do not see how God’s intervention would constitute a problem for modern physics, as has often been proposed. Moreover, the second claim, i.e., that immaterial entities cannot affect material entities, is not based on evidence but on an unfounded assumption that because we do not know the mechanism of causation between immaterial and material entities, this causation is not possible.
In recent years, transitioning to a more circular economy has been introduced as a policy objective in many jurisdictions across the globe with a view to achieving a sustainable society. However, the ...increasing attention paid to this issue has so far not led to a large-scale transformation of production processes and consumption. Instead, many circular economy innovations have remained niche and have not become the mainstream solutions. A plethora of regulatory, market, cultural and technological barriers limit the demand for, and consequently wide-scale adoption of, circular solutions. This article examines the potential offered by regulatory demand-pull instruments to overcome such barriers and to mainstream circular economy solutions. In particular, the article investigates innovative demand-pull instruments that have been used in various jurisdictions globally. This article analyses the instruments according to their types – i.e., command-and-control measures, economic incentives, information tools and public procurement – to gain a better understanding of the rationales, strengths, and limitations of these categories of instruments in creating a stable demand for the circular economy. The lessons learned from the regulatory innovations enable a more critical approach in determining the best combination of instruments and tools to implement sustainable circular solutions on a larger scale.
Background and Purpose: Sustainability, sustainable development and sustainable forest management are terms that are commonly, and interchangeably used in the forest industry, however their meaning ...take on different connotations, relative to varying subject matter. The aim of this paper is to look at these terms in a more comprehensive way, relative to the current ideology of sustainability in forestry. Materials and Methods: This paper applies a literature review of the concepts of: i) sustainable development; ii) sustainable forest management; and iii) economic and non-economic valuation. The concepts are viewed through a historical dimension of shifting paradigms, originating from production- to service-based forestry. Values are discussed through a review of general value theory and spatial, cultural and temporal differences in valuation. Along the evolution of these concepts, we discuss their applicability as frameworks to develop operational guidelines for forest management, relative to the multi-functionality of forests. Results and Conclusions: Potential discrepancies between the conceptual origins of sustainable development and sustainable forest management are highlighted, relative to how they have been interpreted and diffused as new perceptions on forest value for the human society. We infer the current paradigm may not reflect the various dimensions adequately as its implementation is likely to be more related to the distribution of power between stakeholders, rather than the value stakeholders’ place on the various forest attributes.
In this study, the potential of remote sensing in tropical forests is examined in relation to the diversification of sensors. We report here on the comparison of alternative methods that use ...multisource data from Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), Airborne Color Infrared Photograph (CIR), Quickbird and ALOS AVNIR-2 to estimate stem volume and basal area, in Laos. The predictors of ALS metrics were calculated by means of the canopy height distribution approach, while predictors from both spectral and textual features. The correlation of remote sensing materials and field data were used to demonstrate needs for field inventory in different forest landscapes and varying tropical forest conditions. Variogram based analysis was used to derive optimal forest inventory procedure for different parts of case country.ResumoNeste estudo, o potencial do sensoriamento remoto em florestas tropicais é examinado em relação a diversidade de sensores. Registramos aqui a comparação de métodos alternativos que utilizam dados de fontes múltiplas do Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS), Airborne CIR, Quickbird e ALOS AVNIR-2 para estimar o volume do caule e a área basal em Laos. Os preditores dos dados ALS foram calculados pelo método da distribuição de altura do dossel enquanto preditores para características espectrais e textuais foram geradas, respectivamente, para os dados Airbone CIR e ALOS AVNIR-2. A correlação dos materiais de sensoriamento remoto e dados de campo foram usados para demonstrar a necessidade do inventário de campo em diferentes paisagens florestais e condições variáveis em floresta tropical. A análise baseada no variograma foi utilizada para gerar um procedimento otimizado para o inventário florestal de diferentes partes do país em estudo.
The amount and nutrient content of the above-ground litterfall was followed for 9 years in an unfertilized, PKMgB and NPKMgB fertilized Scots pine stand growing on a drained ombrotrophic bog in ...eastern Finland. The annual litterfall on unfertilized plots was 1995 kg ha-1, of which needles accounted for 74%. The effective temperature sum (threshold value + 5°C) explained 99% of the annual variation in the amount of needle litterfall when the data from one atypical year were excluded from the analysis. Nutrient concentrations were, except for Fe, higher in needle litter than in the other litterfall fractions. Nitrogen, P and K concentrations were low in autumn, and those of Ca and Mn high, possibly owing to variation in the mobility of elements during senescence. The annual litterfall input of N to the soil was 12.4 kg ha-1, and the corresponding values for P and K were 0.08 kg ha-1 and 1.81 kg ha-1, respectively. Fertilization reduced needle litterfall in the first year after treatment, but had no effect thereafter. The amount of other litterfall fractions was not affected by fertilization in any of the 9 years of the study. Nitrogen, P, K and B concentrations increased in the needle litter after both fertilization treatments. The results indicate long-term cycling of fertilizer nutrients on the site.
This collection of peer reviewed articles deals with traditions of dichotomizing ways of describing translations. The discussions include theoretical aspects of defining the concepts of domestication ...and foreignization, concrete research undertaken by applying these concepts and cases where translation is strongly linked with ideological factors. Theoretical questions are posed from different perspectives, varying from affective aspects of translation strategies and translation from and into minor languages to meta-theoretical analysis of the notions of domestication and foreignization. Operationalization of these key concepts is presented by comparing the original text and its different translations into one or several target languages and developing models for assessing a translation on a domestication-foreignization scale. The ideological aspect is discussed in studies that describe translation in two specific political environments – in Russia/Soviet Union and in Hong Kong.
Hannu Kemppanen is professor of Russian language and translation at the University of Eastern Finland.
Marja Jänis is a docent in translation studies at the University of Eastern Finland.
Alexandra Belikova is a PhD student in translation studies at the University of Eastern Finland.
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