Upper middle and upper Eocene coal-bearing strata in the Green River coal district of Washington state are in the Franklin coal zone of the undivided Puget Group. Coal-bearing strata accumulated in ...intertidal and deltaic environments along a tidally influenced delta plain. Numerous shale and tonstein partings within the coals indicate that the coal formed in low-lying peat mires. To evaluate variations in element distribution within these coals, vertical bench channel samples from the Franklin No. 7–8–9 (
n
=
24) and the No. 10 (
n
=
11) coal beds were collected. Coal beds in the John Henry No. 1 mine of the Green River coal district have an apparent rank of high volatile B bituminous. No. 7–8–9 and No. 10 have a mean sulfur content of 0.67 wt.% and 0.9 wt.% respectively.
When compared statistically to other western U.S. Tertiary coals, the Franklin coal zone in the John Henry No. 1 mine Franklin coal zone is significantly higher in contents of ash, Si, Al, Mg, K, Ti, Ag, As, Cu, F, Ga, Hg, Li, Nb, Ni, P, Sc, Sr, V, Y, Yb, and Zr, and has significantly lower contents of Ca, Na, B, Nd, and Se. Mean contents of several elements in the Franklin No. 7–8–9 and No. 10 coal beds are uncommonly high compared to western U.S. Tertiary coals. The No. 7–8–9 bed is higher in As (6.6
X, 44 ppm), Cu (3.8
X, 42 ppm), F (3
X, 190 ppm), Hg (44
X, 4.4 ppm), Mn (3.4
X, 170 ppm), Nb (4.4
X, 10 ppm), Ni (3.5
X, 16 ppm), V (4
X, 68 ppm), and Zr (4.9
X, 88 ppm). The No. 10 bed is higher in As (11
X, 81 ppm), Cu (3.2
X, 35 ppm), Hg (75
X, 7.5 ppm), Ni (3.3
X, 15 ppm), P (5.4
X, 1300 ppm), Sc (4.1
X, 8 ppm), Sr (2.5
X, 680 ppm), V (3.7
X, 63 ppm), and Zr (2.7
X, 48 ppm).
X-ray diffraction analysis of the low-temperature ash from these coals reveals the predominance of quartz and clays (kaolinite, minor illite, smectite group, and mixed layer) and minor plagiociase feldspar (albite, disordered, and ordered Ca-bearing), carbonate (ankerite, calcite, kutnohorite, and siderite), pyrite, and clinoptilolite. Minor crandallite group minerals, zircon, and β-form quartz phenocrysts were also found, indicating that volcanic ash was deposited within the peat-forming mires. The presence of augite, hornblende, and smectite group clays in the tonsteins suggests a volcanic source that was intermediate in composition.
The higher contents of Ba, F, P, Sr, and Zr in the Franklin coals result from the alteration of volcanic ash in the mires. Apatite contains major amounts of F and P, whereas feldspar contains Ba and Sr. Zircon is the primary Zr-bearing mineral. Crandallite group minerals are major Ba- and P- bearing minerals in the coals and can contain Ca and Sr.
Higher As and Hg contents in the coals result from post-Eocene hydrothermal mineralization. Mines in the nearby Green River Gorge contain cinnabar, metacinnabar, realgar, and orpiment. Realgar and orpiment were found in fractured sandstone above the No. 10 coal bed. Kleinite and cinnabar, both mercury-containing minerals, were identified in coal samples and native mercury was found in one parting sample. Thermal and XANES studies on coal samples indicate that there are at least two modes of occurrence for Hg in the Franklin coals: (1) organic complexes containing Hg, and (2) Hg-bearing minerals within the coal and associated partings. Pyrite may also contain trace amounts of As, Hg, and Ni.
Margin‐parallel shortening of the Cascadia forearc is a consequence of oblique subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America. Strike‐slip, thrust, and oblique crustal faults beneath the ...densely populated Puget Lowland accommodate much of this north‐south compression, resulting in large crustal earthquakes. To better understand this forearc deformation and improve earthquake hazard assessment, we here use seismic reflection surveys, coastal exposures of Pleistocene strata, potential‐field data, and airborne laser swath mapping to document and interpret a significant structural boundary near the City of Tacoma. This boundary is a complex structural zone characterized by two distinct segments. The northwest trending, eastern segment, extending from Tacoma to Carr Inlet, is formed by the broad (∼11.5 km), southwest dipping (∼11°–20°) Rosedale monocline. This monocline raises Crescent Formation basement about 2.5 km, resulting in a moderate gravity gradient. We interpret the Rosedale monocline as a fault‐bend fold, forming above a deep thrust fault. Within the Rosedale monocline, inferred Quaternary strata thin northward and form a growth triangle that is 4.1 to 6.6 km wide at its base, suggesting ∼2–3 mm/yr of slip on the underlying thrust. The western section of the >40‐km‐long, north dipping Tacoma fault, extending from Hood Canal to Carr Inlet, forms the western segment of the Tacoma basin margin. Structural relief on this portion of the basin margin may be several kilometers, resulting in steep gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies. Quaternary structural relief along the Tacoma fault is as much as 350–400 m, indicating a minimum slip rate of about 0.2 mm/yr. The inferred eastern section of the Tacoma fault (east of Carr Inlet) crosses the southern part of the Seattle uplift, has variable geometry along strike, and diminished structural relief. The Tacoma fault is regarded as a north dipping backthrust to the Seattle fault, so that slip on a master thrust fault at depth could result in movement on the Seattle fault, the Tacoma fault, or both.
‘No portion of the American continent is perhaps so rich in wonders as the Yellow Stone’ (F.V. Hayden, September 2, 1874)
Discoveries from multi-beam sonar mapping and seismic reflection surveys of ...the northern, central, and West Thumb basins of Yellowstone Lake provide new insight into the extent of post-collapse volcanism and active hydrothermal processes occurring in a large lake environment above a large magma chamber. Yellowstone Lake has an irregular bottom covered with dozens of features directly related to hydrothermal, tectonic, volcanic, and sedimentary processes. Detailed bathymetric, seismic reflection, and magnetic evidence reveals that rhyolitic lava flows underlie much of Yellowstone Lake and exert fundamental control on lake bathymetry and localization of hydrothermal activity. Many previously unknown features have been identified and include over 250 hydrothermal vents, several very large (>500 m diameter) hydrothermal explosion craters, many small hydrothermal vent craters (∼1–200 m diameter), domed lacustrine sediments related to hydrothermal activity, elongate fissures cutting post-glacial sediments, siliceous hydrothermal spire structures, sublacustrine landslide deposits, submerged former shorelines, and a recently active graben. Sampling and observations with a submersible remotely operated vehicle confirm and extend our understanding of the identified features. Faults, fissures, hydrothermally inflated domal structures, hydrothermal explosion craters, and sublacustrine landslides constitute potentially significant geologic hazards. Toxic elements derived from hydrothermal processes also may significantly affect the Yellowstone ecosystem.
Mingus speaks Mingus, Charles; Goodman, John F
2013., 20130401, 2013, 2013-05-20
eBook
Charles Mingus is among jazz’s greatest composers and perhaps its most talented bass player. He was blunt and outspoken about the place of jazz in music history and American culture, about which ...performers were the real thing (or not), and much more. These in-depth interviews, conducted several years before Mingus died, capture the composer’s spirit and voice, revealing how he saw himself as composer and performer, how he viewed his peers and predecessors, how he created his extraordinary music, and how he looked at race. Augmented with interviews and commentary by ten close associates—including Mingus’s wife Sue, Teo Macero, George Wein, and Sy Johnson—Mingus Speaks provides a wealth of new perspectives on the musician’s life and career. As a writer for Playboy, John F. Goodman reviewed Mingus’s comeback concert in 1972 and went on to achieve an intimacy with the composer that brings a relaxed and candid tone to the ensuing interviews. Much of what Mingus shares shows him in a new light: his personality, his passions and sense of humor, and his thoughts on music. The conversations are wide-ranging, shedding fresh light on important milestones in Mingus’s life such as the publication of his memoir, Beneath the Underdog, the famous Tijuana episodes, his relationships, and the jazz business.
This chronologically arranged study serves as an insightful guide and helpful overview of jazz composer and performer Charles Mingus's complete body of work. Reviews As an introduction to Mingus's ...music, this book is useful. Choice In this book, Todd Jenkins guides the reader through the large body of Mingus's work, astutely analyzing the music, with well-considered critiques thrown in for good measure. His description is detailed and serves the reader well, going as far as to pinpoint the exact time at which a change in the performance occurs...Jenkins's knowledge and lucid writing style make this book a thorough and entertaining treat.
Around 1100 years ago, the Seattle fault, which trends east‐west beneath Puget Sound and the greater Seattle metropolitan area, experienced a M > 7 earthquake. We present high‐resolution images of ...the shallow P wave velocity variation across the fault zone. These images were obtained by tomographic inversion of the first arrivals recorded along two north‐south oriented seismic reflection lines shot within Puget Sound near Seattle. Just beneath the seafloor, the fault zone includes uplifted Tertiary rocks with seismic velocities in the range of 2300 to 2600 m s−1. These velocities contrast markedly with values of ∼1600 m s−1 in shallow Holocene sediments. South of the Seattle fault zone volcanic rocks of the Crescent Formation, which exhibit velocities >3700 m s−1, are identified at depths of only 900 m. Seismic velocities of around 2600 m s−1, which represent Oligocene rocks, are found in the hanging wall of the Seattle fault beneath eastern Puget Sound. In the west, lower, 2300 m s−1 seismic velocities occur, probably due to the presence of Miocene rocks, which are not found in the east. Along‐strike velocity variations arise from the folding of Tertiary rocks and the presence of distinct fault splays, including a north striking tear fault characterized by depressed seismic velocities that was intersected by the eastern seismic line. Along‐strike differences in the uplift of Tertiary rocks beneath Puget Sound are likely associated with the existence of a segment boundary of the Seattle fault system.
More than 10,000 km super(2) of high-resolution, public-domain topography acquired by the Puget Sound Lidar Consortium is revolutionizing investigations of active faulting, continental glaciation, ...landslides, and surficial processes in the seismically active Puget Lowland. The Lowland-the population and economic center of the Pacific Northwest-presents special problems for hazards investigations, with its young glacial topography, dense forest cover, and urbanization. Lidar mapping during leaf-off conditions has led to a detailed digital model of the landscape beneath the forest canopy. The surface thus revealed contains a rich and diverse record of previously unknown surface-rupturing faults, deep-seated landslides, uplifted Holocene and Pleistocene beaches, and subglacial and periglacial features. More than half a dozen suspected postglacial fault scarps have been identified to date. Five scarps that have been trenched show evidence of large, Holocene, surface-rupturing earthquakes.
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