Ideals in L(L1) Johnson, W. B.; Pisier, G.; Schechtman, G.
Mathematische annalen,
02/2020, Letnik:
376, Številka:
1-2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The main result is that there are infinitely many; in fact, a continuum; of closed (two-sided) ideals in the Banach algebra
L
(
L
1
)
of bounded linear operators on
L
1
(
0
,
1
)
. This answers a ...question from Pietsch’s 1978 book “Operator Ideals”. The proof also shows that
L
(
C
0, 1) contains a continuum of closed ideals. Finally, a duality argument yields that
L
(
ℓ
∞
)
has a continuum of closed ideals.
Background Intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide has been first-line treatment for inducing disease remission in lupus nephritis. The comparative efficacy and toxicity of newer agents such as ...mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and calcineurin inhibitors are uncertain. Study Design Network meta-analysis. Setting & Population Patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Selection Criteria for Studies Randomized trials of immunosuppression to induce or maintain disease remission. Interventions IV cyclophosphamide, oral cyclophosphamide, MMF, calcineurin inhibitor, plasma exchange, rituximab, or azathioprine, alone or in combination. Outcomes Complete remission, end-stage kidney disease, all-cause mortality, doubling of serum creatinine level, relapse, and adverse events. Results 53 studies involving 4,222 participants were eligible. Induction and maintenance treatments were administered for 12 (IQR, 6-84) and 25 (IQR, 12-48) months, respectively. There was no evidence of different effects between therapies on all-cause mortality, doubling of serum creatinine level, or end-stage kidney disease. Compared to IV cyclophosphamide, the most effective treatments to induce remission in moderate- to high-quality evidence were combined MMF and calcineurin inhibitor therapy, calcineurin inhibitors, and MMF (ORs were 2.69 95% CI, 1.74-4.16, 1.86 95% CI, 1.05-3.30, and 1.54 95% CI, 1.04-2.30, respectively). MMF was significantly less likely than IV cyclophosphamide to cause alopecia (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.12-0.36), and MMF combined with calcineurin inhibitor therapy was less likely to cause ovarian failure (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.07-0.93). Regimens generally had similar odds of major infection. MMF was the most effective strategy to maintain remission. Limitations Outcome definitions not standardized, short duration of follow-up, and possible confounding by previous or subsequent therapy. Conclusions Evidence for induction therapy for lupus nephritis is inconclusive based on treatment effects on all-cause mortality, doubling of serum creatinine level, and end-stage kidney disease. MMF, calcineurin inhibitors, or their combination were most effective for inducing remission compared to IV cyclophosphamide, while conferring similar or lower treatment toxicity. MMF was the most effective maintenance therapy.
Cytokine-induced sickness behavior Kelley, Keith W.; Bluthé, Rose-Marie; Dantzer, Robert ...
Brain, behavior, and immunity,
02/2003, Letnik:
17, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The behavioral repertoire of humans and animals changes dramatically following infection. Sick individuals have little motivation to eat, are listless, complain of fatigue and malaise, loose interest ...in social activities and have significant changes in sleep patterns. They display an inability to experience pleasure, have exaggerated responses to pain and fail to concentrate. Proinflammatory cytokines acting in the brain cause sickness behaviors. These nearly universal behavioral changes are a manifestation of a central motivational state that is designed to promote recovery. Exaggerated symptoms of sickness in cancer patients, such as cachexia, can be life-threatening. However, quality of life is often drastically impaired before the cancer becomes totally debilitating. Although basic studies in psychoneuroimmunology have defined proinflammatory cytokines as the central mediators of sickness behavior, a much better understanding of how cytokine and neurotransmitter receptors communicate with each other is needed. Advances that have been made during the past decade should now be extended to clinical studies in an attempt to alleviate sickness symptoms and improve quality of life for cancer patients.
Considerable evidence implicates the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the formation of outcome representations that link cues to the incentive properties of reinforcers. Animals with BLA damage show ...impaired performance in reinforcer devaluation tasks, in which the value of the food reinforcer is reduced by satiation or food-toxin pairings after the completion of cue or response training. Although intact animals spontaneously reduce their conditioned responding after such reinforcer devaluation procedures, animals with BLA lesions made before training typically do not, as evidenced across a range of species, training contingencies, and devaluation procedures. In contrast, the role of the BLA in devaluation task performance once such outcome representations are established is unclear. Whereas Pickens et al. (2003) found normal devaluation performance in rats when BLA lesions were made after pavlovian light-food pairings but before devaluation by food-toxin pairings, Ostlund and Balleine (2008) found impaired devaluation performance when BLA lesions were made after instrumental training with multiple instrumental responses and food reinforcers but before devaluation of one reinforcer by selective satiation. Those studies differed in their use of pavlovian or operant training contingencies, single or multiple reinforcers, and associative or motivational devaluation procedures. Here we found that, when multiple reinforcers were used, posttraining BLA lesions disrupted the expression of devaluation performance in rats, using either pavlovian or instrumental training procedures and either conditioned taste aversion or satiation devaluation procedures. Thus, BLA apparently plays a critical role in maintaining or using sensory associations of reinforcer value when multiple outcomes must be coded but not under single-outcome conditions.
Our understanding of the composition, function, and health implications of human microbiota has been advanced by high-throughput sequencing and the development of new genomic analyses. However, ...trade-offs among alternative strategies for the acquisition and analysis of sequence data remain understudied.
We assessed eight popular taxonomic profiling pipelines; MetaPhlAn2, metaMix, PathoScope 2.0, Sigma, Kraken, ConStrains, Centrifuge and Taxator-tk, against a battery of metagenomic datasets simulated from real data. The metagenomic datasets were modeled on 426 complete or permanent draft genomes stored in the Human Oral Microbiome Database and were designed to simulate various experimental conditions, both in the design of a putative experiment; read length (75-1,000 bp reads), sequence depth (100K-10M), and in metagenomic composition; number of species present (10, 100, 426), species distribution. The sensitivity and specificity of each of the pipelines under various scenarios were measured. We also estimated the relative root mean square error and average relative error to assess the abundance estimates produced by different methods. Additional datasets were generated for five of the pipelines to simulate the presence within a metagenome of an unreferenced species, closely related to other referenced species. Additional datasets were also generated in order to measure computational time on datasets of ever-increasing sequencing depth (up to 6 × 10
).
Testing of eight pipelines against 144 simulated metagenomic datasets initially produced 1,104 discrete results. Pipelines using a marker gene strategy; MetaPhlAn2 and ConStrains, were overall less sensitive, than other pipelines; with the notable exception of Taxator-tk. This difference in sensitivity was largely made up in terms of runtime, significantly lower than more sensitive pipelines that rely on whole-genome alignments such as PathoScope2.0. However, pipelines that used strategies to speed-up alignment between genomic references and metagenomic reads, such as kmerization, were able to combine both high sensitivity and low run time, as is the case with Kraken and Centrifuge. Absent species genomes in the database mostly led to assignment of reads to the most closely related species available in all pipelines. Our results therefore suggest that taxonomic profilers that use kmerization have largely superseded those that use gene markers, coupling low run times with high sensitivity and specificity. Taxonomic profilers using more time-consuming read reassignment, such as PathoScope 2.0, provided the most sensitive profiles under common metagenomic sequencing scenarios. All the results described and discussed in this paper can be visualized using the dedicated R Shiny application (https://github.com/microgenomics/HumanMicrobiomeAnalysis). All of our datasets, pipelines and results are made available through the GitHub repository for future benchmarking.
Background Depression occurs relatively commonly in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but it is uncertain whether depression is a risk factor for premature death in this population. ...Interventions to reduce mortality in CKD consistently have been ineffective and new strategies are needed. Study Design Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Setting & Population Adults with CKD. Selection Criteria for Studies Cohort studies identified in Ovid MEDLINE through week 3 December 2012 without language restriction. Predictor Depression status as determined by physician diagnosis, clinical coding, or self-reported scales. Selection Criteria for Studies All-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Outcomes were summarized as relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs using random-effects meta-analysis. Results 22 studies (83,381 participants) comprising 12,063 cases of depression (mean prevalence, 27.4%; 95% CI, 20.0%-36.3%) with a follow-up of 3 months to 6.5 years were included. Methodological quality generally was good or fair. Depression consistently increased the risk of death from any cause (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.35-1.87), but had less certain effects on cardiovascular mortality (RR, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.84-4.19). Associations for mortality were similar regardless of the diagnostic method used for depression, but were weaker in analyses controlled for preexisting cardiovascular disease (RR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.23-1.50). Limitations Meta-analyses adjusting for antidepressant medication use were not possible, and data for kidney transplant recipients and individuals with earlier stages of CKD not treated with dialysis were limited. Conclusions Depression is associated with a substantially increased risk of death in people with CKD. Effective treatment for depression in people with CKD may reduce mortality.
Microbial communities that live in and on the human body play a vital role in health and disease. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the study of microbial communities at ...unprecedented resolution. However, these advances in data generation have presented novel challenges to researchers attempting to analyze and visualize these data.
To address some of these challenges, we have developed animalcules, an easy-to-use interactive microbiome analysis toolkit for 16S rRNA sequencing data, shotgun DNA metagenomics data, and RNA-based metatranscriptomics profiling data. This toolkit combines novel and existing analytics, visualization methods, and machine learning models. For example, the toolkit features traditional microbiome analyses such as alpha/beta diversity and differential abundance analysis, combined with new methods for biomarker identification are. In addition, animalcules provides interactive and dynamic figures that enable users to understand their data and discover new insights. animalcules can be used as a standalone command-line R package or users can explore their data with the accompanying interactive R Shiny interface.
We present animalcules, an R package for interactive microbiome analysis through either an interactive interface facilitated by R Shiny or various command-line functions. It is the first microbiome analysis toolkit that supports the analysis of all 16S rRNA, DNA-based shotgun metagenomics, and RNA-sequencing based metatranscriptomics datasets. animalcules can be freely downloaded from GitHub at https://github.com/compbiomed/animalcules or installed through Bioconductor at https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/animalcules.html . Video abstract.
3D printing of fiber-reinforced thermoset composites is desirable for rapid fabrication of 3D composite objects with minimal tooling. One of the main issues in 3D printing of thermoset composites is ...the low cure rates of matrix resins, which prevents rapid curing and rigidization of composite materials during the printing process and capturing the desired print geometry. Here, we demonstrate a new technique for in situ printing and curing of carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoset composites without any postcuring or postprocessing steps. Upon extrusion and deposition of the composite ink from a printing nozzle, the ink is cured via frontal polymerization, leading to rapid printing of high-quality composites. Tailoring the processing conditions allows for freeform or rapid, supported printing of 3D composite objects with zero void content and highly oriented carbon fiber reinforcements.
The time-temperature-transformation curves for three zirconium-based bulk amorphous alloys are measured to identify the primary factors influencing their glass-forming ability. The melt viscosity is ...found to have the most pronounced influence on the glass-forming ability compared to other thermodynamic factors. Surprisingly, it is found that the better glass former has a lower crystal-melt interfacial tension. This contradictory finding is explained by the icosahedral short-range order of the undercooled liquid, which on one hand reduces the interfacial tension, while on the other hand increases its viscosity.
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