Measures meant to tame the coronavirus pandemic are quashing influenza and most other respiratory diseases, which could have wide-ranging implications.
Abstract Background & aims Helicobacter pylori infection is increasingly difficult to treat. The purpose of these consensus statements is to review the literature and provide specific, updated ...recommendations for eradication therapy in adults. Methods A systematic literature search identified studies on H. pylori treatment. The quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Statements were developed through an online platform, finalized and voted on by an international working group of specialists chosen by the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. Results Because of increasing failure of therapy, the consensus group strongly recommended that all H. pylori eradication regimens now be given for 14 days. Recommended first-line strategies include concomitant non-bismuth quadruple therapy (proton pump inhibitor, PPI + amoxicillin + metronidazole + clarithromycin, PAMC), and traditional bismuth quadruple therapy (PPI + bismuth + metronidazole + tetracycline, PBMT). PPI triple therapy (PPI + clarithromycin and either amoxicillin or metronidazole) was restricted to areas with known low clarithromycin resistance or high eradication success with these regimens. Recommended rescue therapies include PBMT and levofloxacin-containing therapy (PPI + amoxicillin + levofloxacin, PAL). Rifabutin regimens should be restricted to patients who fail at least 3 prior options. Conclusions Optimal treatment of H. pylori requires careful attention to local antibiotic resistance and eradication patterns. Quadruple therapies PAMC or PBMT should play a more prominent role in H. pylori eradication and all treatments should be given for 14 days.
The peptidoglycan sensor Nod2 and the autophagy protein ATG16L1 have been linked to Crohn’s disease (CD). Although Nod2 and the related sensor, Nod1, direct ATG16L1 to initiate anti-bacterial ...autophagy, whether ATG16L1 affects Nod-driven inflammation has not been examined. Here, we uncover an unanticipated autophagy-independent role for ATG16L1 in negatively regulating Nod-driven inflammatory responses. Knockdown of ATG16L1 expression, but not that of ATG5 or ATG9a, specifically enhanced Nod-driven cytokine production. In addition, autophagy-incompetent truncated forms of ATG16L1 regulated Nod-driven cytokine responses. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that ATG16L1 interfered with poly-ubiquitination of the Rip2 adaptor and recruitment of Rip2 into large signaling complexes. The CD-associated allele of ATG16L1 was impaired in its ability to regulate Nod-driven inflammatory responses. Overall, these results suggest that ATG16L1 is critical for Nod-dependent regulation of cytokine responses and that disruption of this Nod1- or Nod2-ATG16L1 signaling axis could contribute to the chronic inflammation associated with CD.
•ATG16L1 suppresses Nod1- and Nod2-driven cytokine responses•ATG16L1’s regulatory function is independent of its role in autophagosome formation•ATG16L1 negatively regulates Nod1 and Nod2 signaling via Rip2 activation•Crohn’s-disease-associated ATG16L1 allele is defective in Nod1 and Nod2 regulation
THE INFORMATION FACTORIES Jones, Nicola
Nature (London),
09/2018, Letnik:
561, Številka:
7722
Journal Article
Recenzirano
"The trend is good right now, but it's questionable what it's going to look like in 5-10 years," says Dale Sartor, who oversees the Center of Expertise for Energy Efficiency in Data Centers at the US ...Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California. With the spectre of an energy-hungry future looming, scientists in academic labs and engineers at some of the world's wealthiest companies are exploring ways to keep the industry's environmental impact in check. Even in temperate climates, warm-water cooling has become the de facto solution for managing high-performance computers that are run fast and hot, including those in US Department of Energy labs and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences' SuperMUC supercomputer in Garching, Germany. POWER PLAY At their core, data centres are only as good as the processors they're made of - and there's scope for improvement there, too. Since the 1940s, the number of operations a computer can perform with each kilowatt hour (KWh) of energy has doubled about once every 1.6 years for peak performance and every 2.6 years for average performance.
iAdolescence is a pivotal time in a girl’s life when girls develop a range of political, economic, familial, psychosocial, physical and educational capabilities enabling them to make their own ...decisions in life. However, it is also possible that the roles which women and girls are expected to play in their families and communities can prevent them from developing these capabilities fully.
Empowering Adolescent Girls in Developing Countries explores the detrimental impact of discriminatory gender norms on all aspects of adolescent girls’ lives and across very different contexts. Grounded in four years of in-depth research across Ethiopia, Nepal, Uganda and Viet Nam, the book adopts a holistic approach to girls’ well-being, examining the links between different aspects of girls’ lives, while exploring the different forces that can lead to change in gender norms, such as the spread of mobile technology, economic developments, information campaigns, and new laws on early marriage and compulsory education. This book demonstrates how more egalitarian gender norms can enable disadvantaged adolescent girls to change the course of their lives and develop full capabilities in every area.
Accessible and informative, this book is perfect for policymakers, think tanks, NGOs, activists, academics and students of gender and development studies alike.ii
iii
ABSTRACT
Background:
Because of the changing epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and low efficacy of currently recommended therapies, an update of the European Society for Paediatric ...Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition/North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommendations for the diagnosis and management of H pylori infection in children and adolescents is required.
Methods:
A systematic review of the literature (time period: 2009–2014) was performed. Representatives of both societies evaluated the quality of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to formulate recommendations, which were voted upon and finalized using a Delphi process and face‐to‐face meeting.
Results:
The consensus group recommended that invasive diagnostic testing for H pylori be performed only when treatment will be offered if tests are positive. To reach the aim of a 90% eradication rate with initial therapy, antibiotics should be tailored according to susceptibility testing. Therapy should be administered for 14 days, emphasizing strict adherence. Clarithromycin‐containing regimens should be restricted to children infected with susceptible strains. When antibiotic susceptibility profiles are not known, high‐dose triple therapy with proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, and metronidazole for 14 days or bismuth‐based quadruple therapy is recommended. Success of therapy should be monitored after 4 to 8 weeks by reliable noninvasive tests.
Conclusions:
The primary goal of clinical investigation is to identify the cause of upper gastrointestinal symptoms rather than H pylori infection. Therefore, we recommend against a test and treat strategy. Decreasing eradication rates with previously recommended treatments call for changes to first‐line therapies and broader availability of culture or molecular‐based testing to tailor treatment to the individual child.
Adolescents in Humanitarian Crisis investigates the experiences of adolescents displaced by humanitarian crisis. The world is currently seeing unprecedented levels of mass displacement, and almost ...half of the world’s 70 million displaced people are children and adolescents under the age of 18. Displacement for adolescents comes with huge disruption to their education and employment prospects, as well as increased risks of poor psychosocial outcomes and sexual and gender-based violence for girls. Considering these intersectional vulnerabilities throughout, this book explores the experiences of adolescents from refugee, internally displaced persons and stateless communities in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Rwanda. Drawing on innovative mixed-methods research, the book investigates adolescent capabilities, including education, health and nutrition, freedom from violence and bodily integrity, psychosocial wellbeing, voice and agency, and economic empowerment. Centring the diverse voices and experiences of young people and focusing on how policy and programming can be meaningfully improved, this book will be a vital guide for humanitarian students and researchers, and for practitioners seeking to build effective, evidence-based policy.
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