Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have a wide range of nonlinear optical applications. The hydrogen bond side chain contains dopant like
l
-serine causing defects in ADP. The pure and
l
...-serine doped ADP crystals are grown using a slow evaporation technique. The powder XRD patterns show the single-phase nature of the pure and doped ADP crystals. The FT-Raman spectra show the presence of a variety of normal modes of vibrations of ADP. The photoluminescence study suggests an increase of the Stokes shift and the presence of vibrational energy relaxation phenomena. a.c. electrical studies such as dielectric, impedance and modulus spectroscopy were carried out to elucidate the behaviour of the charge carrier under the course of the alternating electrical field. The defect oriented correlated barrier hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism, the presence of grains and grain boundaries, and the non-Debye type relaxation phenomena are explained. The nonlinear second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystals is found to be improved on doping
l
-serine in ADP.
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystals have a wide range of nonlinear optical applications.
Hybrid classical-quantum algorithms aim to variationally solve optimization problems using a feedback loop between a classical computer and a quantum co-processor, while benefiting from quantum ...resources. Here we present experiments that demonstrate self-verifying, hybrid, variational quantum simulation of lattice models in condensed matter and high-energy physics. In contrast to analogue quantum simulation, this approach forgoes the requirement of realizing the targeted Hamiltonian directly in the laboratory, thus enabling the study of a wide variety of previously intractable target models. We focus on the lattice Schwinger model, a gauge theory of one-dimensional quantum electrodynamics. Our quantum co-processor is a programmable, trapped-ion analogue quantum simulator with up to 20 qubits, capable of generating families of entangled trial states respecting the symmetries of the target Hamiltonian. We determine ground states, energy gaps and additionally, by measuring variances of the Schwinger Hamiltonian, we provide algorithmic errors for the energies, thus taking a step towards verifying quantum simulation.
The authors conduct a meta-analysis on the effect of electronic word of mouth on sales by examining 51 studies (involving 339 volume and 271 valence elasticities) and primary data collected on ...product characteristics (durability, trialability, and usage condition), industry characteristics (industry growth and competition), and platform characteristics (expertise and trustworthiness). Their analysis reveals that electronic word-of-mouth volume (valence) elasticity is .236 (.417). More importantly, the findings show that volume and valence elasticities are higher for privately consumed, low-trialability products that operate in less competitive industries and whose reviews are carried on independent review sites. Furthermore, volume elasticities are higher for durable goods and for reviews on specialized review sites, whereas valence elasticities are greater for community-based sites. Drawing on the results, they discuss several implications for managers and researchers and explain why valence elasticities are often found to be insignificant. Finally, they propose numerous directions for future research in the area on the basis of their findings.
Summary
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a new and effective class of cancer therapy, with ipilimumab being the most established drug in this category. The drugs’ mechanism of action includes ...promoting the effector T cell response to tumours and therefore increased autoimmunity is a predictable side effect. The endocrine effects of these drugs include hypophysitis and thyroid dysfunction, with rare reports of adrenalitis. The overall incidence of hypophysitis with these medications is up to 9%. Primary thyroid dysfunction occurs in up to 15% of patients, with adrenalitis reported in approximately 1%. The mean onset of endocrine side effects is 9 weeks after initiation (range 5–36 weeks). Investigation and/or screening for hypophysitis requires biochemical and radiological assessment. Hypopituitarism is treated with replacement doses of deficient hormones. Since the endocrine effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors are classed as toxic adverse events, most authors recommend both discontinuation of the immune checkpoint inhibiting medication and ‘high‐dose’ glucocorticoid treatment. However, this has been challenged by some authors, particularly if the endocrine effects can be managed (e.g. pituitary hormone deficiency), and the therapy is proving effective as an anticancer agent. This review describes the mechanism of action of immune checkpoint inhibitors and details the key clinical endocrine‐related consequences of this novel class of immunotherapies.
Green (vegetated) roofs are emerging as practical strategies to improve the environmental quality of cities. However, the impact of green roofs on the storm water quality remains a topic of concern ...to city planners and environmental policy makers. This study investigated whether green roofs act as a source or a sink of various metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Li and Co), inorganic anions (
NO
3
−
,
NO
2
−
,
PO
4
3
−
,
SO
4
2
−
, Cl
−, F
− and Br
−) and cation (
NH
4
+
). A series of green roof assemblies were constructed. Four different real rain events and several artificial rain events were considered for the study. Results showed that concentrations of most of the chemical components in runoff were highest during the beginning of rain events and subsided in the subsequent rain events. Some of the important components present in the runoff include Na, K, Ca, Mg, Li, Fe, Al, Cu,
NO
3
−
,
PO
4
3
−
and
SO
4
2
−
. However, the concentration of these chemical components in the roof runoff strongly depends on the nature of substrates used in the green roof and the volume of rain. Based on the USEPA standards for freshwater quality, we conclude that the green roof used in this study is reasonably effective except that the runoff contains significant amounts of
NO
3
−
and
PO
4
3
−
.
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► This study investigated the quality of runoff from green roofs. ► Several rain events were used for the field-based investigation. ► Different physico-chemical parameters along with metals and nutrients were assessed for green roof runoff quality. ► Runoffs from green roofs were found to comprise high concentrations of nitrate and phosphate.
How does language friction affect alliance formation? Language friction is a form of cultural friction arising from structural differences in the respective languages used by potential partners to ...reason and solve problems together. A little language friction may prompt partners to rethink solutions, thereby enhancing collaboration, but excessive friction may impede collaboration. We develop a Language Friction Index (LFI) to quantify relative differences in linguistic structure for any language pair. Utilizing a unique data set of semiconductor design activities (1988-2001), our empirical analysis finds an inverted U-shaped relationship between partners' LFI and the likelihood of cross-border research and development (R&D) alliance formation. This relationship is further moderated by prior ties and technological distance. Our findings have several important implications, including: (1) language differences are a measurable and discernible source of cultural friction; (2) the effects of language friction are economically significant and strategically consequential; (3) certain aspects of language friction occur independent of language proficiency and persist despite the use of lingua franco to reduce language barriers; (4) linguistic diversity is an indirect marker of cognitive diversity, which is useful in boosting creativity, especially in first-time collaborations; (5) beyond R&D alliances, language friction may also influence other types of strategic interactions and organizational processes.
Changes in climate are usually considered in terms of trends or differences over time. However, for many impacts requiring adaptation, it is the amplitude of the change relative to the local ...amplitude of climate variability which is more relevant. Here, we develop the concept of “signal‐to‐noise” in observations of local temperature, highlighting that many regions are already experiencing a climate which would be “unknown” by late 19th century standards. The emergence of observed temperature changes over both land and ocean is clearest in tropical regions, in contrast to the regions of largest change which are in the northern extratropics—broadly consistent with climate model simulations. Significant increases and decreases in rainfall have also already emerged in different regions with the United Kingdom experiencing a shift toward more extreme rainfall events, a signal which is emerging more clearly in some places than the changes in mean rainfall.
Plain Language Summary
Changes in climate are translated into impacts on society not just though the amount of change, but how this change compares to the variations in climate that society is used to. Here we demonstrate that significant changes, when compared to the size of past variations, are present in both temperature and rainfall observations over many parts of the world.
Key Points
The signal of changes in observed temperature and rainfall due to global warming has clearly emerged in many regions and at mesoscales
Tropical regions have experienced the largest changes in temperature relative to the amplitude of internal variability
Signals of increasing extreme rainfall are emerging more quickly than signals in mean rainfall over many parts of the United Kingdom
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) is an important nonlinear optical (NLO) material used for electro-optical applications. The aromatic side chain contained dopant like L-phenylalanine causes defect ...in ADP. The pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are grown using slow solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The Powder XRD spectra suggest tetragonal crystal system and slit shifting of peak. The FT-Raman shows strong absorption peak at 922 cm
−1
due to v
1
group symmetry of P - OH for all grown crystals without shifting indicating the single phase nature of all the crystals. The photoluminescence study suggests the presence of defects in doped crystals compared to the pure one due to increase of Stokes shift and vibrational energy relaxation phenomena. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss have shown the usual behavior with respect to frequency and temperature. The calculated electro-optic coefficient is found to be in accordance with dielectric constant. The protonic conduction is prevailing for electric transport, and from Jonscher’s plot, the correlation barrier hopping (CBH) is confirmed. The Nyquist plot and modulus spectra of pure ADP show the presence of grain and grain boundary while the same plots for L-phenylalanine doped ADP show the presence of grain only. The stretch exponent exhibits non-Debye-type relaxation.
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