Opisani so dosežki jezuitov iz Avstrijske in Češke province, ki so objavljali knjige o kemiji. Posebej so izpostavljene njihove povezave z območjem današnje Slovenije. Nakazane so smernice s katerimi ...so omogočili uren prodor idej o strukturi snovi jezuita Ruđerja Boškovića. Nepojmljivo hitro uveljavljanje Boškovićevih pristašev v Habsburški monarhiji je primerjano s podobno hitro uveljavitvijo kinetičnih teorij atomov Slovenca Jožefa Stefana in z napol Slovenko poročenega Ludwiga Boltzmanna v istih zemljepisnih območjih.
This article describes nine Central European Jesuits from the Austrian province who embarked for China in the 17th and 18th centuries. Their European educational networks provide useful insights into ...the abilities of the absburg Monarchy to meet Chinese Imperial demands. The focus is on feedback of their adopted Chinese network back to their own homes. The Europeans and Chinese-based Jesuits exchanged instruments, books, artifacts, and letters. The exception was Johannes Grueber, who personally traveled back to Europe accompanied by Diestel from Carniola, and helped Athanasius Kircher to produce the appealing legend of Jesuit astronomical heroes in Beijing.The Jesuits acted as intermediate in the exchange of know-how between Europe and China. In modern Chinese eyes they were also somewhat viewed as spies, who helped European military and economic victories in the mid-19th century. Modern China is now as strong as it was in the times of Old Jesuit Society, therefore the Europocentric history of science must be rewritten from the standpoint of today’s winning Chinese economy. What kind of science will Western Civilization import from the future Chinese literati? The Jesuits’ transfer of European Sciences to the Far-Easterners caused the reverse impact from seemingly less developed centers of Far East that was felt in Jesuits’ times, but much more is to follow in the near future. We could expect the fundamental future Chinese achievements in cosmology, especially in Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Barbara Celjska je bila gotovo najbogatejša alkimistka vseh časov. Prispevek skuša pojasniti kakšni poskusi so potekali v njenem laboratoriju in nakazati, katere tehniške kemijske naprave je utegnila ...pri tem uporabljati. Ker je bila večina le-teh iz zlahka lomljivih snovi, bi bilo njihovo iskanje bržkone brez haska, saj ni veliko upanja za njihovo ohranitev. Chemical Laboratory of Celje Queen (at 580th Anniversary of Bohemian coronation of Queen Barbara of Celje) Barbara of Cilli was certainly the richest female alchemist of all times. The article tries to explain what kind of experiments she carried out in her laboratory and indicate which technical chemical plant she likely has used. The major part her tools was made from easily breakable materials, therefore any contemporary pursuit to locate them will be probably in vain, because there is not much hope for their preservation.
Srednjeevropska šolska omrežja so opredeljevala jezuite med Kitajci ob tkanju mostu med evropskimi in vzhodnjaškimi kemijskimi znanji. Predstavljeno je zahodnjaško poreklo znanstveno-industrijskih ...revolucij z vzroki za njihovo domnevno odsotnost med Kitajci. Drugačne daljnovzhodne poti so prvič opisane s prepletenega znanstveno-gospodarskega vidika. Kitajski prispevki k posameznim raziskovalnim področjem kemije in fizike so se spreminjali skupaj z usmeritvami kitajskih znanstvenih omrežij in vrsto raziskovanj, v katera so najraje posegali s svojimi odkritji in izumi. Od tod je mogoče potegniti nekaj obetavnih vzporednic k prihodnjemu razvoji kitajske kemije. Kitajsko holistično Konfuciju vdano tradicionalno nezaupanje v nedeljive atome je možna spodbuda k preimenovanju deljivih sestavljenih »delcev« v kemiji in fiziki. Kitajska dediščina precej manj od krščanske ovira raziskovanja človeškega genoma kot atoma genetike. Naziv genoma stoji na svojih nogah bolj trdno od podobnega atoma.
Prvič je predstavljen popoln popis Teslovih srednješolskih profesorjev. Poudarjene so odlike njegovih učiteljev kemijskih in sorodnih ved. Analizirane so knjige o kemiji, ki jih je bral srednješolec ...Tesla, in s kemijo povezana objavljena dela njegovih predavateljev. Še posebej je izpostavljeno raziskovanje spektroskopije, ki se je razbohotilo po Kirchhoffovih in Bunsenovih začetkih v Teslovi zgodnji mladosti in je močno vplivalo na raziskovanja Teslovega najljubšega profesorja Martina Sekulića. Tesla's First Footsteps into Chemical Sciences For the first time a complete list of Tesla’s High School professors is provided. The excellency of his lecturers of chemistry and related sciences is put into the limelight. The books and articles about chemistry which Tesla read in his High School times is focused together with the related published works of his teachers. The pioneering spectroscopic research of Kirchhoff and Bunsen began in Tesla’s early youth and had a considerable impact on Tesla’s professors, especially on Martin Sekulić.
Jezuitska kemija v Ljubljani Južnič, Stanislav
Acta chimica Slovenica,
12/2015, Letnik:
62, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Opisani sta dve stoletji jezuitskih predavanj kemijskih vsebin v Ljubljani s poudarkom na 17. stoletju. Prvič so podani dosežki vodilnih začetnikov kemije, ki so tedaj delovali v Ljubljani. Prikazan ...je statistični prerez njihovega porekla, študija in ohranjenih del kot ilustracija presenetljivo močnega jezuitskega vpliva v med tedanjimi ljubljanskimi poznavalci kemijskih lastnosti snovi. Posebej so izpostavljeni tisti, ki jih je v kranjsko prestolnico zaneslo že kot uveljavljene učenjake. Z analizo primerjamo zapisana dela prvega med njimi, Goričana Luke Vintana, in stoletje mlajšega Gradčana Francisca Reinzera. Razlika v njunem poznavanju kemije oziroma filozofije narave orisuje napredek pri dojemanju snovi skozi sholastične spore okoli kartezijancev do Newtona in Valvasorja, čeravno še vedno v formalno zapovedanih Aristotelovih okvirjih. Rojstni in študijski kraji ter ohranjena kemijska dela ljubljanskih jezuitov orisujejo način kadrovanja in urne načrtne izmenjave strokovnjakov med kolegiji avstrijske province je predstavljen kot dobrodošel opis začetkov kemije v tedanji Ljubljani. Bistvena poteza jezuitskega uspeha pri pouku kemije in sorodnih ved je izšla iz zgledne hierarhične organiziranosti. Mednarodna razprostranjenost in izpiljen občutek za sprejemljive domače šege sta bila srž znanstvenih in pedagoških uspehov jezuitov povsod po svetu. Med Kranjci se je godilo ravno tako potem ko so si jezuiti znali pridobiti redovnike iz vrst lokalnih velikašev. *** Two centuries of Jesuits’ lecturing related to chemistry in Ljubljana is discussed. The focus is put on the 17th century. The achievements of distinguished early expert for chemistry employed in Ljubljana in 17th century are put in the limelight for the first time. The statistics of their pedigrees, studies, and preserved works is focused to illustrate the intellectual background of their surprisingly overhelming influence in contemporary Ljubljana circles interested in early chemistry. The special concern is put on Jesuits who arrived to Ljubljana as established scholars. The written chemistry-related works of the first among them, Luka Vintana of Gorizia, were compared to a century younger Ljubljana Jesuit Francisco Reinzer from Graz. The difference in their perception of chemistry, physics, or philosophy of nature outlines progress in the perception of matter which took place through the scholastic conflicts about Cartesians chemistry all the way to Newton and Valvasor. In spite of profound changes all Jesuits’ output of those times still formally prescribed Aristotle frames. A statistical cross-section of native places of Ljubljana Jesuits, their Alma Mater, and written works related to chemistry were discussed. The method of staffing and quick carefully planned exchange of professors between colleges of Austrian Jesuit province is presented as a welcome illustration of surprisingly strong Jesuits’ impact on the intellectuals of Ljubljana. The essential feature of Jesuit success in teaching of chemistry and related disciplines was connected to their exemplary hierarchical organization. The international distribution and sophisticated sense for acceptable domestic rituals were the keys to scientific and pedagogical success of Jesuits around the world. The Carniola Jesuits followed the same path with numerous Jesuits belonging to the local nobles.
Janez Vajkard Valvasor je svoje uradno šolanje opravil v Ljubljani. Kmalu po zaključenem pouku je mladi Valvasor skupaj z že uveljavljenim kemikom Joannesom de Monte Snydersom eksperimentiral na ...Dunaju. V naslednjih letih je nadgradil svoje poznavanje kemijskih lastnosti kovin za izdelavo tankostenskega kipa ob Dolenjski cesti v Ljubljani iz posebej v ta namen izumljene zlitine podobne tistim, ki so jih Japonci uporabljali za svoje zvonove. Iz svojih knjig in potovanj je zvedel podrobnosti o tedanjih japonskih zlitinah s katerimi si je pomagal pri lastnem postopku vlivanja kipa. Valvasor je v Ljubljani končal le nižje študije, saj so visokošolski pouk razvili komaj desetletje po njegovi smrti. Kdo so bili njegovi učitelji kemije, morebiti celo alkimije, in kje so Valvasorjevi profesorji pridobili potrebna znanja? Na voljo je pravzaprav le ena sama zanesljiva notica o njegovem ljubljanskem študiju datirana 15. 8. 1659, vendar je tudi iz nje mogoče spoznati učitelje, ki so ga utegnili navdušiti s svojim poznavanjem strukture snovi. Abstract Valvasor’s Contributions to Chemical Technology The Polymath Joannes Weikhard Valvasor (* 1641) conducted all his formal training in Ljubljana. Shortly after completing his schooling the young Valvasor experimented with the established chemist Joannes de Monte Snyders in Vienna. In the following years Valvasor developed his knowledge of the chemical properties of metals for the manufacture of thin-walled statue at Dolenjska Street in Ljubljana. He used the specially designed alloy similar to those endorsed by the Japanese for their bells. From his books and travels Valvasor learned the details of the Japanese alloys and used the data for his own process. According to the only available note about studies in Ljubljana College on August 15, 1659 Valvasor passed from the lower Latin Mary’s congregation to the higher Latin Mary’s congregation which means that he just finished the study of Syntax (higher Grammar) and was about to began his studies of poetics. He probably enrolled as the student-beginner in 1655/56 and graduated as the student of rhetoric in 1660/61. In this paper we will name Janez Vajkard Valvasor’s teachers of chemistry in his teenage years. Valvasor eventually finished just few years of his lower studies because as impetuous young man he decided not to continue his studies in any of the higher education institutions available outside Ljubljana. The leaders of Ljubljana lower courses who enabled and supported the work Valvasor’s formal teachers will be focused. The other important locals who helped Valvasor’s formal teachers to manage his teenage aspirations will be described. And last, but not least, the professor of Valvasor’s teachers will be named. Keywords: Johan Weikhard Valvasor, Athanasius Kircher, Joannes de Monte Snyders, History of Chemistry, History of Schools, chemisemiotics.
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