Fragility fractures present enormous health challenges for women. Dairy products provide many bone-beneficial nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D. Individual dairy foods may exert different ...effects on bone health.
The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between total dairy, yogurt, milk, and cheese and fragility fracture risk among females in the prospective Nurses' Health Study (NHS) conducted in the United States.
In the current analysis, 103,003 females with mean age of 48 y were followed from 1980-2004. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk of first fracture (of the wrist, hip, or vertebrae) by intakes of dairy foods (total dairy, milk, yogurt, or cheese) obtained from a food frequency questionnaire. Fractures that were caused by high-trauma events were not included. We relied on self-reported data for wrist and hip fractures whereas for vertebral fractures, medical records were used to confirm cases.
A total of 5495 incident fracture cases were documented during follow-up. After controlling for relevant confounding variables, consumption of ≥2 servings/d of total dairy (compared with <1 serving/d) was associated with lower fracture risk (hazard ratio HR: 0.74; 95% confidence interval CI: 0.61, 0.89). More than 2 servings of milk per day (compared with <1 serving/d) were associated with a lower fracture risk (HR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.94). Intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and protein from nondairy sources did not modify the effects of total dairy or milk on fracture risk. There was no association between yogurt intake and fracture risk. Intake of cheese (≥1 servings/d compared with <1 serving/wk) was weakly associated with lower fracture risk (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.99).
Higher total dairy, milk, and cheese intakes are associated with lower risks of fracture in females in the NHS.
Food-induced anaphylaxis (FIA) is potentially life threatening. Prompt administration of epinephrine is universally recommended by current treatment guidelines.
To identify factors associated with ...early epinephrine treatment for FIA and to specifically examine the association between early epinephrine treatment and hospitalization.
A chart review study conducted at Hasbro Children's Hospital/Rhode Island Hospital. By using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, we identified all patients who presented to the emergency department with FIA between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2009. Early epinephrine treatment was defined as receipt of epinephrine before arrival to the emergency department. The independent association between early epinephrine treatment and hospitalization was assessed using logistic regression.
Among the 384 emergency department visits for FIA identified during the study period, 234 patients received epinephrine (61%). Among this subset, most (164 70%) received early epinephrine treatment, whereas a smaller number of patients (70 30%) first received epinephrine in the emergency department (late treatment). Patients who received early epinephrine treatment were older (7.4 vs 4.3 years; P = .008), were more likely to have a known food allergy (66% vs 34%; P < .001), and were more likely to own an epinephrine autoinjector (80% vs 23%; P < .001). Patients treated early were less likely to be hospitalized (17% vs 43%; P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, and race, the patients who received early epinephrine treatment remained at significantly decreased risk of hospitalization compared with those who received late epinephrine treatment (odds ratio 0.25 95% CI, 0.12-0.49).
In this population, early treatment of FIA with epinephrine was associated with significantly lower risk of hospitalization. Accordingly, this study supports the benefit of prompt administration of epinephrine for the treatment of FIA.
Weight gain during the menopausal transition is common. Dairy consumption may impact weight change during this critical period, and different dairy foods may have different effects.
This study aimed ...to investigate the associations of different types of dairy foods with weight gain and risk of obesity in perimenopausal women from the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort.
The examination at menopause was selected as the exam closest to the reported age at menopause. Weight change during 12 y surrounding menopause was derived from self-reported weight data for 3 exams before and 3 after menopause. The mean age of the first weight measure was 45.8 y and the average BMI was 25.0 kg/m2. Dairy food intakes were estimated as mean intakes over the same 12 y. Generalized linear models were used to assess the association between dairy foods and annualized weight change. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the adjusted relative risks for becoming obese over 12 y surrounding menopause.
In longitudinal analyses, those with the highest yogurt intakes had the lowest weight gain at every exam. This was not the case for other forms of dairy. After adjusting for potential covariates, those consuming ≥2.0 servings/wk of yogurt (compared with <1.0 serving/month) had a 31% (RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.74) lower risk of obesity. The highest total dairy intake (≥2.0 servings/d compared with <1.0) was associated with only a 12% (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.95) reduction in obesity risk. Higher activity levels and alternative healthy eating index scores were independently associated with statistically significant reductions in risk of obesity, but higher intakes of yogurt strengthened these beneficial associations.
Yogurt intake was associated with less weight gain and lower obesity risk in women during the menopausal transition.
Energy access remains a challenge for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Ghana is no exception as 15% of her population live in remote areas without access to electricity. In 2015, the World Bank ...Group provided funding for the Ghanaian government to extend electricity to some of her rural island communities. The government of Ghana chose to deploy solar mini-grids. Despite technological breakthrough with solar mini-grids and financial support from the World Bank Group, the deployment of the solar mini-grids still faced significant barriers some of which are embedded in the socio-cultural contexts of the Ghanaian rural island communities. Designed through a socio-technical systems lens, this study explores the sociotechnical barriers and strategies to overcoming the barriers to deploying solar mini-grids in Ghanaian rural island communities. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, focus group discussions, and direct observations. The results show that different categories of barriers affected deployment of the solar mini-grids. The barriers are socio-technical in nature suggesting that the obstacles to renewable energy deployment in sub-Saharan Africa are neither exclusively social nor technical but a combination of both social and technical forces. While the social factors range from land disputes to illegal connections, the technical barriers include limited technical know-how to lack of qualified technicians. In suggesting strategies to address these barriers, the study participants proposed involvement of indigenes, training and transfer of technical expertise, and increased generation capacity. Based on these findings, the study outlines three policy implications on mitigating the barriers in future projects.
•Solar mini-grids deployment faced barriers in rural SSA.•Barriers to deploying solar mini-grids in the rural SSA are socio-technical factors.•Social and technical factors are both important to deploying solar mini-grids in rural SSA.•Social factors occupy an important place relating to energy transitions in rural SSA.
Low-carbon energy transitions scholarship has witnessed an exponential rise since the beginning of the millennium. Many studies have explored the different pathways to achieving global carbon ...neutrality in the next few decades. Greater efforts have been focused on how poorer regions could be supported to achieve universal access to clean and affordable energy by 2030. However, little research has investigated the dualistic nature of low-carbon energy transitions vis-à-vis inherent contextual factors which could promote or hamper full realization of a broad array of benefits associated with sustainable energy projects in developing countries. Drawing upon interviews of experts and key informants, focus group discussion involving different groups of rural people in Ghana, alongside direct observation, we investigated the virtues and vices of solar micro-grid deployment in Ghanaian rural islands. Results of case studies from three rural islands show gradations of valuable outcomes from gender equity and social transformation to undesirable impacts of dispossession and conflicts. While the solar micro-grids engendered streams of benefits for the local people, the projects also exacerbated existing contextual issues and triggered novel challenges. These results may guide policy makers, practitioners, researchers, donors, and development partners to pay attention to these subtle issues in their efforts to promote low-carbon energy technologies in the developing countries.
Obesity and its associated pathology Type 2 diabetes are two chronic metabolic and inflammatory diseases that promote breast cancer progression, metastasis, and poor outcomes. Emerging critical ...opinion considers unresolved inflammation and abnormal metabolism separately from obesity; settings where they do not co‐occur can inform disease mechanism. In breast cancer, the tumor microenvironment is often infiltrated with T effector and T regulatory cells programmed by metabolic signaling. The pathways by which tumor cells evade immune surveillance, immune therapies, and take advantage of antitumor immunity are poorly understood, but likely depend on metabolic inflammation in the microenvironment. Immune functions are abnormal in metabolic disease, and lessons learned from preclinical studies in lean and metabolically normal environments may not translate to patients with obesity and metabolic disease. This problem is made more urgent by the rising incidence of breast cancer among women who are not obese but who have metabolic disease and associated inflammation, a phenotype common in Asia. The somatic BET proteins, comprising BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4, are new critical regulators of metabolism, coactivate transcription of genes that encode proinflammatory cytokines in immune cell subsets infiltrating the microenvironment, and could be important targets in breast cancer immunotherapy. These transcriptional coregulators are well known to regulate tumor cell progression, but only recently identified as critical for metabolism, metastasis, and expression of immune checkpoint molecules. We consider interrelationships among metabolism, inflammation, and breast cancer aggressiveness relevant to the emerging threat of breast cancer among women with metabolic disease, but without obesity.
Type 2 diabetes is an understudied contributor to progression of breast cancer; disease‐associated chronic inflammation by BET proteins is a dangerous modifier of tumor microenvironments.
Excessive postpartum weight retention puts women at risk for health problems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dairy foods on weight retention and risk of obesity in postpartum women in ...the Nurses’ Health Study II. Weight was reported every 2 years. We identified the pre-pregnancy and postpartum exams that were approximately 2 years before and after the birth year. Dairy consumption was averaged during these 4 years. Linear models were used to assess postpartum weight retention. Multivariable models were used to estimate risk of obesity. Women with higher yogurt (≥2 servings/week vs. <1 serving/month) intakes had 0.61 pounds less postpartum weight retention. Consuming ≥ 5 cheese servings/week was associated with 0.63 pounds less weight retention than the lowest intake. Among sedentary women, only yogurt intake was associated with lower risk of postpartum obesity (RR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.71−1.00), though of borderline statistical significance. Among women with less healthy diets, yogurt consumption was also associated with lower postpartum obesity risk (RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.57−0.85). In sum, higher yogurt and cheese intakes were associated with less postpartum weight retention and among higher risk women (sedentary or lower diet quality) greater yogurt intake was associated with lower risks of postpartum obesity.
Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease. It results from a failure of the body to maintain energy homoeostasis. Multicellular organisms have evolved complex strategies to preserve a relatively stable ...internal nutrient environment, despite fluctuations in external nutrient availability. This complex strategy involves the co-ordinated responses of multiple organs to promote storage or mobilization of energy sources according to the availability of nutrients and cellular bioenergetics needs. The endocrine pancreas plays a central role in these processes by secreting insulin and glucagon. When this co-ordinated effort fails, hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia develops, characterizing a state of metabolic imbalance and ultimately overt diabetes. Although diabetes is most likely a collection of diseases, scientists are starting to identify genetic components and environmental triggers. Genome-wide association studies revealed that by and large, gene variants associated with type 2 diabetes are implicated in pancreatic β-cell function, suggesting that the β-cell may be the weakest link in the chain of events that results in diabetes. Thus, it is critical to understand how environmental cues affect the β-cell. Phosphoinositides are important 'decoders' of environmental cues. As such, these lipids have been implicated in cellular responses to a wide range of growth factors, hormones, stress agents, nutrients and metabolites. Here we will review some of the well-established and potential new roles for phosphoinositides in β-cell function/dysfunction and discuss how our knowledge of phosphoinositide signalling could aid in the identification of potential strategies for treating or preventing type 2 diabetes.
We have previously demonstrated that islet depolarization with 70 mM KCl opens Cx36 hemichannels and allows diffusion of small metabolites and cofactors through the β-cell plasma membrane. We have ...investigated in this islet "permeabilized" model whether glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates stimulate insulin secretion and how it correlates with ATP production (islet content plus extracellular nucleotide accumulation). Glycolytic intermediates (10 mM) stimulated insulin secretion and ATP production similarly. However, they showed differential sensitivities to respiratory chain or enzyme inhibitors. Pyruvate showed a lower secretory capacity and less ATP production than phosphoenolpyruvate, implicating an important role for glycolytic generation of ATP. ATP production by glucose-6-phosphate was not sensitive to a pyruvate kinase inhibitor that effectively suppressed the phosphoenolpyruvate-induced secretory response and islet ATP rise. Strong suppression of both insulin secretion and ATP production induced by glucose-6-phosphate was caused by 10 μM antimycin A, implicating an important role for the glycerophosphate shuttle in transferring reducing equivalents to the mitochondria. Five citric acid cycle intermediates were investigated for their secretory and ATP production capacity (succinate, fumarate, malate, isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate at 5 mM, together with ADP and/or NADP+ to feed the NADPH re-oxidation cycles). The magnitude of the secretory response was very similar among the different mitochondrial metabolites but α-ketoglutarate showed a more sustained second phase of secretion. Gabaculine (1 mM, a GABA-transaminase inhibitor) suppressed the second phase of secretion and the ATP-production stimulated by α-ketoglutarate, supporting a role for the GABA shuttle in the control of glucose-induced insulin secretion. None of the other citric acid intermediates essayed showed any suppression of both insulin secretion or ATP-production by the presence of gabaculine. We propose that endogenous GABA metabolism in the "GABA-shunt" facilitates ATP production in the citric acid cycle for an optimal insulin secretion.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
