The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of coexisting cardiovascular risk factors. The role of specific dietary fats was reemphasized by dietary recommendations. This systematic review aims to ...assess evidence for the effect of dietary fat intake on MetS occurrence and reversion in adults.
The MEDLINE database was used to search the existing literature. We included observational studies that analyzed dietary fat intake in adults with MetS and clinical trials that compared the effects of different dietary fat diets on MetS and/or its components. Thirty articles were selected (14 observational and 16 clinical trials), and we included information of dietary fat and fatty acids as well as MetS, body mass index, cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes in adults. SFA intake was found to be positively associated with MetS components. Most of the observational reviewed studies found beneficial associations between MUFA and PUFA (including n-3 and n-6 subtypes) intake and MetS components. Clinical trials also supported the benefits of MUFA- or PUFA-enriched diets (including low-fat diets) in reducing MetS.
The effects of dietary SFAs on MetS will be influenced by other specific nutrients. Replacement of SFA by MUFA and PUFA has been associated with a decrease in MetS. Dietary recommendations should emphasize on different qualities of fat intake, not only to reduce total fat intake, to obtain health benefits in adults.
•The effects of dietary SFAs and Trans FA on MetS will be influenced by other specific nutrients that replace them.•Scarce or null cardiovascular benefits have been reported when SFA is replaced with total CH.•A significant reduction in CVD risk and/or MetS has been achieved only when SFA is replaced with MUFA and/or PUFA.•Dietary recommendations should emphasize the different qualities of fat intake in a healthy dietary pattern.
The aim was to assess inflammatory markers among adults and adolescents in relation to the adherence to the Mediterranean diet. A random sample (219 males and 379 females) of the Balearic Islands ...population (12-65 years) was anthropometrically measured and provided a blood sample to determine biomarkers of inflammation. Dietary habits were assessed and the adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern calculated. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with age in both sexes. The adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adolescent males was 51.3% and 45.7% in adults, whereas in females 53.1% and 44.3%, respectively. In males, higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with higher levels of adiponectin and lower levels of leptin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in adults, but not in young subjects. In females, higher adherence was associated with lower levels of leptin in the young group, PAI-1 in adults and hs-CRP in both groups. With increasing age in both sexes, metabolic syndrome increases, but the adherence to the Mediterranean diet decreases. Low adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) is directly associated with a worse profile of plasmatic inflammation markers.
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cancer worldwide.
To assess fat intake in older adults with or without MetS.
...Cross-sectional nutritional survey in older adults living in the Balearic Islands (
= 477, 48% women, 55-80 years old) with no previous CVD.
Assessment of fat (total fat, MUFA, PUFA, SFA, TFA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, marine and non-marine ω-3 FA, animal fat and vegetable fat, cholesterol) and macronutrient intake using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and its comparison with recommendations of the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the Spanish Society of Community Nutrition (SENC).
Participants with MetS showed higher BMI, lower physical activity, higher total fat and MUFA intake, and lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, and fiber than participants without MetS. Men and women with MetS were below the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) proposed by IOM for carbohydrates and above the AMDR for total fat and MUFAs, and women were below the AMDR proposed for α-linolenic acid (ALA) compared with participants without MetS.
Subjects with MetS were less likely to meet IOM and SENC recommendations for fat and macronutrient intakes as compared to non-MetS subjects.
The aim was to assess the trace element contents in toenails of older adults and its association with regular physical activity. Cross-sectional multicentre study in Spain, collecting data from a ...random sample of 380 participants (54% female) aged 55-80 years (men) and 60-80 years (women) with no previously documented cardiovascular disease. Physical activity performed was measured using the Minnesota Leisure-time Physical Activity Questionnaire. The 25 most inactive and 25 most active individuals for each sex were selected for this study (final sample n = 100). Anthropometric measurements were performed and toenail samples collected for calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg) analysis. Significant differences between sexes were reported in Ca concentrations, women having lower concentrations than men. No differences were reported in trace element contents between active and inactive men. Active women showed higher Ca, Cr, Fe, Co, and Zn and lower Hg contents than their inactive peers (all p<0.05). Inactive women showed lower Ca and Co levels (735.0 mg/kg and 4.5 μg/kg, respectively) than inactive men (1170.0 mg/kg and 7.9 μg/kg, respectively). Active women had lower Ca and higher levels of Cr (936.0 mg/kg and 1230.0 μg/kg, respectively) than active men (1070.0 mg/kg and 522.0 μg/kg, respectively). The present data added new information on the element contents in toenails of healthy Spanish older adults. The concentration of trace elements was similar in both sexes except for Ca which were lower in women. The trace element contents in women's toenails, but not in men, were markedly influenced by physical activity, with higher levels of Ca and Fe and lower Hg among active females.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Biomarkers have been postulated as essential variables to measure the effects of exercise on the human body. To investigate the relationship between physical fitness (PF) and blood biomarkers that ...are associated with disease risk in Spanish older adults, four hundred and twenty-nine adults (57% females) aged older than 55 years from a cross-sectional study were included. A battery of PF test was performed, and participants were divided into 3 groups: low, medium and high fitness. Blood samples were collected, and subjects were also grouped based on a particular biomarker being within its reference range. Furthermore, drug intake and dietary intake were considered for each participant. Higher concentrations out of the reference range were observed for vitamin 25(OH)D (67.9%) and total cholesterol (TC) (58.6%). Participants from the low PF group presented lower significant concentrations out of the reference range for vitamin B12 and triglycerides; however, participants in the low PF group showed higher significant concentrations out of the reference range for total homocysteine, creatinine, TC, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) than those in the high PF group (all p<0.05). Considering drugs related to blood lipid modifications, subjects who regularly consumed lipid reducers presented higher significant concentrations out of the reference range for TC and LDL-c than participants who did not take these drugs (p<0.01). Participants from the high PF group presented better blood marker profiles, namely, lower blood markers related to disease risk out of the reference range. These blood markers could be used as a routine method for considering PF groups in older adults.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To assess prevailing food patterns, and its association with physical activity and fitness among Spanish older adults.
Cross-sectional study in Spain, collecting data from a sample (
= 380; 54% ...female) aged 55-80 years (men) and 60-80 years (women) with no previously documented cardiovascular disease. Body weight, body fat and waist circumference were assessed. Physical activity performed was measured using the Minnesota Leisure-time Physical Activity Questionnaire (LTPA). Physical fitness was assessed using a validated physical fitness test battery. Food consumption was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis identified two major dietary food patterns: "Western" (WDP) and "Mediterranean" (MDP) dietary patterns.
Participants in MDP's fourth quartile were classified in the second (men) and third (men and women) tertile of LTPA. After adjusting for age, body fat, waist-to-height ratio, and METs, in both sexes, a negative significant association was found between 30-s Chair stand and 6-min walking test, a positive significant association was found between 30-m Gait speed and 8-foot Time Up-and-Go (except in men) tests with WDP. The 30-m Gait speed test was negatively associated with MDP in men.
MDP is associated with more time spent on LTPA, and this association was independent of body composition and a fast gait speed in men. WDP is associated with slower gait speed and lower body strength, agility and aerobic endurance. MDP has protective effect on healthy physical fitness, and WDP may be a contributor to frailty.
The aim of this work was to assess ten-year trends (1999-2010) of adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) among the Balearic Islands' adult population. Two independent cross-sectional ...dietary surveys (1999-2000,
= 1200 and 2009-2010
= 1388, including participants aged 16-65 years) were carried out in the Balearic Islands, Spain. Dietary habits were assessed by means of two 24 h diet recalls and a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire that covers 145 food items. Adherence to the MDP was defined according to a score constructed considering the consumption of nine MDP characteristic components: high monounsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids (MUFA:SFA) ratio, moderate ethanol consumption, high legumes, cereals and roots, fruits, vegetables, and fish consumption, and low consumption of meat and milk. Socio-economic status, education level, lifestyle factors and health status were also assessed. Adherence to the MDP was 43.1% (SD 5.8) in 1999-2000 and 44.6% (SD 8.3) in 2009-2010. Higher age was directly associated with higher adherence to the MDP, and this association was stronger in males than in females. Young generations and smokers showed the lowest adherence to MDP, whereas people with higher educational and socio-economic level, and who were physically active showed the highest adherence. According to the place of birth, the increase in the percentage of the adherence to the MDP was observed to be smaller among the Balearic Island's natives than among people born abroad. In 2009-2010, individuals in the MDP's fourth quartile were more likely to be older (aged 46-65 years), and were less likely to have a low occupational level, to have a light physical activity level and to be smoker than in 1999-2000. The adherence to the MDP has been stabilized and slightly recovered among the Balearic Islands' adult population in the last decade.
The effect of dietary fat intake on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in turn on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear in individuals at high CVD risk.
To assess the association between fat ...intake and MetS components in an adult Mediterranean population at high CVD risk.
Baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in participants (
= 6560, men and women, 55-75 years old, with overweight/obesity and MetS) in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED)-Plus randomized trial.
Assessment of fat intake (total fat, monounsatured fatty acids: MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids: PUFA, saturated fatty acids: SFA, trans-fatty acids: trans-FA, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and ω-3 FA) using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality using 17-item Mediterranean dietary questionnaire and fat quality index (FQI).
Participants in the highest quintile of total dietary fat intake showed lower intake of energy, carbohydrates, protein and fiber, but higher intake of PUFA, MUFA, SFA, TFA, LA, ALA and ω-3 FA. Differences in MetS components were found according to fat intake. Odds (5th vs. 1st quintile): hyperglycemia: 1.3-1.6 times higher for total fat, MUFA, SFA and ω-3 FA intake; low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c): 1.2 higher for LA; hypertriglyceridemia: 0.7 lower for SFA and ω-3 FA intake.
Dietary fats played different role on MetS components of high CVD risk patients. Dietary fat intake was associated with higher risk of hyperglycemia.
Background and objectives: Physical fitness (PF) is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality. Biomarkers are the main key to evaluate the influence of PF on the human body. The aim of this ...study was to investigate the association between PF levels and biomarkers in older adults. Methods: 429 non-institutionalized Spanish older adults (57% females), aged over 55 years were included in this multicenter study. Each participant performed a battery of validated PF tests (EXERNET). The score for each test ranged from 0 (worst) to 3 (best) points. The maximum score was 12 points. Scores of PF tests were added together to create a cluster. After that, participants were divided into 3 groups (low, medium and high). Fasted blood samples were collected and concentrations of routine biochemistry, vitamins, and homocysteine were analysed. Biomarkers were coded as 0 (out of reference range) and coded as 1 (within reference range). Dietary intake was assessed by two non-consecutive 24h recalls and nutrient intake was calculated using a computer program (ALIMENTA;NUCOX,Spain). Data was analysed using generalized linear model. Results: A total of 68% and 59% of the participants showed vitamin 25(OH)D deficiency and excessive total cholesterol (TC), respectively. A total of 38.3%, 32.3%, 27.7% and 24.3% of the participants presented high glucose, uric acid, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) and total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations, respectively. More subjects from the low PF group were significantly out of the reference range for tHcy, TC, HDL-cholesterol and creatinine than those in the high PF group (p<0.05). However, less subjects from the low PF group presented vitamin B12 levels out of range (p<0.05). Subjects in the low PF group presented greater LDL-c and triglycerides risk taking into account lipid intake. Conclusions: Participants included in the high PF group had a better blood markers profile than those included in the other PF groups. PF can have an impact on biomarkers concentrations. Only lipid blood markers seem to be influenced by nutrient intake. Thus, PF has an essential role in the studied population.
Background and objectives: Diet and physical fitness (PF) have been described as major modifiable behaviours related to poor health. Indeed, diet and PF seem to be strong promoters of healthy ageing. ...Hence, the main aim of this study was to assess the association between micronutrient intake and PF in Spanish older adults. Methods: 428 participants (43% males) aged over 55 years were recruited for the study. Dietary intake was assessed using two non-consecutive 24h dietary recalls. Energy intake (EI) and micronutrient intake were calculated through ALIMENTA software. Estimated average requirements (EAR) cut-off point method was applied to estimate the prevalence of nutrient intake adequacy/inadequacy. When EAR was not defined for a specific micronutrient, adequate intake (AI) was chosen. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated using a validated physical activity questionnaire. Likewise, participants completed a battery of validated PF tests. The total score for each test ranged from 0 (worst) to 3 (best) points. The maximum score was 12 points. Scores of PF tests were added together and participants were divided into 3 groups (low, medium and high) using cluster statistical analyses. Data was analysed using generalized linear model. Results: Inadequate intake for 11 and 8 micronutrients was observed in 9.8% and 11.4% of the subjects, respectively. More than 50% presented inadequate intakes for potassium, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid and folates. Only two participants were above EAR or AI for all micronutrients. Higher EI and EE was found in the high PF group compared to in the low PF group (all p<0.05). Subjects from the high PF group had significantly higher intakes for potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, selenium, zinc, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin C and folates (p<0.05). Conclusions: Subjects in the high PF group presented a better micronutrient intake profile than the others. Nevertheless, a considerable number of subjects presented micronutrient intake below the EAR. Therefore, there is a need to improve nutritional education and fitness among older adults and to consider supplementation for micronutrients at risk.
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