Lipid biosynthesis is recently studied its functions in a range of cellular physiology including differentiation and regeneration. However, it still remains to be elucidated in its precise function. ...To reveal this, we evaluated the roles of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling in alveolar bone formation using the LPA type 2 receptor (LPAR2) antagonist AMG‐35 (Amgen Compound 35) using tooth loss without periodontal disease model which would be caused by trauma and usually requires a dental implant to restore masticatory function. In this study, in vitro cell culture experiments in osteoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts revealed cell type‐specific responses, with AMG‐35 modulating osteogenic differentiation in osteoblasts in vitro. To confirm the in vivo results, we employed a mouse model of tooth loss without periodontal disease. Five to 10 days after tooth extraction, AMG‐35 facilitated bone formation in the tooth root socket as measured by immunohistochemistry for differentiation markers KI67, Osteocalcin, Periostin, RUNX2, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and SMAD2/3. The increased expression and the localization of these proteins suggest that AMG‐35 elicits osteoblast differentiation through TGF‐β1 and SMAD2/3 signaling. These results indicate that LPAR2/TGF‐β1/SMAD2/3 represents a new signaling pathway in alveolar bone formation and that local application of AMG‐35 in traumatic tooth loss can be used to facilitate bone regeneration and healing for further clinical treatment.
Paper-based electronic devices are attracting considerable attention, because the paper platform has unique attributes such as flexibility and eco-friendliness. Here we report on what is claimed to ...be the firstly fully integrated vertically-stacked nanocellulose-based tactile sensor, which is capable of simultaneously sensing temperature and pressure. The pressure and temperature sensors are operated using different principles and are stacked vertically, thereby minimizing the interference effect. For the pressure sensor, which utilizes the piezoresistance principle under pressure, the conducting electrode was inkjet printed on the TEMPO-oxidized-nanocellulose patterned with micro-sized pyramids, and the counter electrode was placed on the nanocellulose film. The pressure sensor has a high sensitivity over a wide range (500 Pa-3 kPa) and a high durability of 10
loading/unloading cycles. The temperature sensor combines various materials such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form a thermocouple on the upper nanocellulose layer. The thermoelectric-based temperature sensors generate a thermoelectric voltage output of 1.7 mV for a temperature difference of 125 K. Our 5 × 5 tactile sensor arrays show a fast response, negligible interference, and durable sensing performance.
To understand the mechanisms underlying tooth morphogenesis, we examined the developmental roles of important posttranslational modification, O‐GlcNAcylation, which regulates protein stability and ...activity by the addition and removal of a single sugar (O‐GlcNAc) to the serine or threonine residue of the intracellular proteins. Tissue and developmental stage‐specific immunostaining results against O‐GlcNAc and O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in developing tooth germs would suggest that O‐GlcNAcylation is involved in tooth morphogenesis, particularly in the cap and secretory stage. To evaluate the developmental function of OGT‐mediated O‐GlcNAcylation, we employed an in vitro tooth germ culture method at E14.5, cap stage before secretory stage, for 1 and 2 days, with or without OSMI‐1, a small molecule OGT inhibitor. To examine the mineralization levels and morphological changes, we performed renal capsule transplantation for one and three weeks after 2 days of in vitro culture at E14.5 with OSMI‐1 treatment. After OGT inhibition, morphological and molecular alterations were examined using histology, immunohistochemistry, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, scanning electron microscopy, and ground sectioning. Overall, inhibition of OGT resulted in altered cellular physiology, including proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial rearrangements, with significant changes in the expression patterns of β‐catenin, fibroblast growth factor 4 (fgf4), and sonic hedgehog (Shh). Moreover, renal capsule transplantation and immunolocalizations of Amelogenin and Nestin results revealed that OGT‐inhibited tooth germs at cap stage exhibited with structural changes in cuspal morphogenesis, amelogenesis, and dentinogenesis of the mineralized tooth. Overall, we suggest that OGT‐mediated O‐GlcNAcylation regulates cell signaling and physiology in primary enamel knot during tooth development, thus playing an important role in mouse molar morphogenesis.
A comparable power conversion efficiency (PCE) to that of commercial Si solar cells (over 23%) has been achieved by organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (OIH-PSCs) within several years. As ...OIH-PSC materials have hygroscopic organic cations that limit their thermal and long-term stability (i.e. operational lifetime of about 1 year, much shorter than commercial Si of 20–25 years), significant research efforts have been directed to the development of all-inorganic PSCs to overcome this limitation. These studies have demonstrated that cesium lead halide (CsPbX3) and Pb-free cesium tin halide (CsSnX3) perovskites are promising materials for the fabrication of thermally stable and efficient solar cells. This work reviews recent progress on versatile CsPbX3 and CsSnX3 inorganic PSCs. Remarkable PCE values over 17% and 4% have been achieved by employing CsPbX3 and CsSnX3 perovskites, respectively, in a short development time. In addition, we evaluate the materials engineering methods and film deposition techniques for producing such inorganic perovskite materials. Several strategies including surface and interfacial passivation are discussed to alleviate hysteresis and instability of inorganic PSCs. Furthermore, future research directions including device engineering using inorganic metal oxide charge transport layers are suggested to further reinforce this innovative advances in the inorganic PSCs.
While the US, UK, France, Italy, and many other countries ended up implementing complete lockdown after tens of thousands of deaths from COVID-19, South Korea kept factories and offices running, ...flattened the curve, and maintained a low mortality rate. Extensive media coverage has focused on South Korea's testing capacity as the primary reason, but there has been little discussion of the vital role of the smart city. In this paper, we describe how smart city technologies form a crucial part of disease control in South Korea, explain the social conditions for the extensive use of smart city technology, and offer critical insights into contemporary discussions on the issue of smart cities and surveillance.
The organic polymer battery is a promising alternative to the lithium ion battery, however its various properties need to be improved. In this study, we demonstrate an advanced organic radical ...battery (ORB) using a cathode based on poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-4-yl-1-oxyl vinyl ether) (PTVE) and a microporous gel polymer electrolyte based on electrospun polyimide membrane. To improve upon the low electrical conductivity of PTVE, it is functionalized on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a dissolution-diffusion process. The PTVE-functionalized CNTs have a π-π* interaction between the two components, and could be formed into a dense electrode with reasonable porosity. The gel polymer electrolyte with the desired microporosity is also highly compatible. As a result, Na-ion organic full cells using the PTVE-CNT composite electrode, gel polymer electrolyte, and hard carbon anode show good rate capability and stable cycling. The battery achieves discharging capacities of 128.6 and 68.2 mA h g
−1
at 0.5C and 10C with 100% coulombic efficiency and no self-discharge. Hence, this combination of composite electrode and gel polymer electrolyte leads to a safe, lightweight, and environmentally benign sodium battery with high power-rate capability for various applications.
Advanced organic polymer electrode based on PTVE-functionalized carbon nanotubes is prepared for sodium organic battery.
Objective
To evaluate the effect of resveratrol on periodontal bone regeneration after local delivery and to determine its effect on inflammatory mediators.
Background
Resveratrol is considered an ...anti‐inflammatory polyphenolic stilbene involved in the modulation of inflammation.
Materials and Methods
Periodontitis was induced in mouse molars using a 5‐day ligature model followed by the left second molar extraction and 50 µM resveratrol treatment for 1 and 2 weeks. We then examined specimens treated for 1 week histologically and with immunostaining. Microfocus‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) was used to examine the bone volume formation.
Results
After 1 week of treatment, proinflammatory cytokine levels (TNF‐alpha and IL6), cells exhibiting neutrophil and macrophage marker (MPO), cell proliferation marker (Ki67), and preosteoblastic marker (RUNX2) reactivity decreased in the resveratrol‐treated specimens compared to the control group. In contrast, we observed a higher number of CD31‐, F4/80‐, and osteocalcin‐ (OCN‐) positive cells in the resveratrol‐treated specimens. After 2 weeks, micro‐CT confirmed an increased bone mass in the region of the extraction socket in the resveratrol‐treated group.
Conclusion
After 1 week, the resveratrol‐treated specimens revealed evidence of inflammation modulation compared to the control group. These data suggest that resveratrol not only affects inflammation control but also is useful for treating periodontitis‐related tissue defects and bone regeneration.
To understand the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress in mice molar development, we studied Tmbim6 that antagonizes the unfolded protein response, using Tmbim6 knockout (KO) mice and in vitro ...organ cultivation with knocking down using small interfering RNA. During molar development, Tmbim6 is expressed in developing tooth at E14–E16, postnatal0 (PN0), and PN6. Mineral content in Tmbim6 KO enamel was reduced while dentin was slightly increased revealing ultrastructural changes in pattern formation of both enamel and dentin. Moreover, odontoblast differentiation was altered with increased Dspp expression at PN0 followed by altered AMELX localizations at PN5. These results were confirmed by in vitro organ cultivation and showed altered Bmp signaling, proliferation, and actin rearrangement in the presumptive ameloblast and odontoblasts that followed the altered expression of differentiation and ER stress‐related signaling molecules at E16.5. Overall, ER stress modulated by Tmbim6 would play important roles in patterned dental hard tissue formation in mice molar within a limited period of development.
Tmbim6 is involved in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐stress. It plays an important role in the formation of patterned dental hard tissue in mice molar via modulation of ER stress in developing tooth.
To meet future energy demands, currently, dominant lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) must be supported by abundant and cost‐effective alternative battery materials. Potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are ...promising alternatives to LIBs because KIB materials are abundant and because KIBs exhibit intercalation chemistry like LIBs and comparable energy densities. In pursuit of superior batteries, designing and developing highly efficient electrode materials are indispensable for meeting the requirements of large‐scale energy storage applications. Despite using graphite anodes in KIBs instead of in sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs), developing suitable KIB cathodes is extremely challenging and has attracted considerable research attention. Among the various cathode materials, layered metal oxides have attracted considerable interest owing to their tunable stoichiometry, high specific capacity, and structural stability. Therefore, the recent progress in layered metal‐oxide cathodes is comprehensively reviewed for application to KIBs and the fundamental material design, classification, phase transitions, preparation techniques, and corresponding electrochemical performance of KIBs are presented. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with developing layered oxide cathode materials are presented for practical application to KIBs.
Layered oxide cathodes for potassium‐ion batteries have gained considerable attention in recent years. This review provides outline of recent research advances in layered cathodes including conceptual understanding, synthesis methods, structural characteristics, and electrochemical properties. In addition, some future research directions to further improve overall performance of layered oxide cathodes in potassium‐ion batteries are presented.
Golden bristlegrass‐like unique nanostructures comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrixed nanofibers entangled with bamboo‐like N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing CoSe2 nanocrystals at ...each node (denoted as N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF) are designed as anodes for high‐rate sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Bamboo‐like N‐doped CNTs (N‐CNTs) are successfully generated on the rGO matrixed nanofiber surface, between rGO sheets and mesopores, and interconnected chemically with homogeneously distributed rGO sheets. The defects in the N‐CNTs formed by a simple etching process allow the complete phase conversion of Co into CoSe2 through the efficient penetration of H2Se gas inside the CNT walls. The N‐CNTs bridge the vertical defects for electron transfer in the rGO sheet layers and increase the distance between the rGO sheets during cycles. The discharge capacity of N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF after the 10 000th cycle at an extremely high current density of 10 A g−1 is 264 mA h g−1, and the capacity retention measured at the 100th cycle is 89%. N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF has final discharge capacities of 395, 363, 328, 304, 283, 263, 246, 223, 197, 171, and 151 mA h g−1 at current densities of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 A g−1, respectively.
As high‐performance anodes for sodium‐ion batteries, golden bristlegrass‐like graphene nanofibers entangled with N‐doped CNTs containing CoSe2 nanocrystals are designed and synthesized. The synthesized unique nanostructure exhibits high cycling and rate performances even at extremely high current densities. The synergistic effect of the golden bristlegrass‐like unique structure and the N‐doped CNTs/graphene composite results in efficient anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries.
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