ABSTRACT The production of Agaricus bisporus results in significant residual material after cultivation. Due to its physical properties and nutrient content Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) has great ...potential for use in agriculture. Our study evaluated the feasibility of using SMS as an alternative substrate for the production of Paronset® hybrid tomato seedlings and as an organic fertilizer in its production. To conduct the fruit production experiment, the plots consisted of three types of fertilizers (SMS of A. bisporus, NPK and bovine manure) with four replications. The seedlings produced in the SMS presented higher rates of germination time and speeds, and stood out from the other substrates in the evaluation of seedling quality. In the tomato fruit production phase, the average production of the plants originating from the SMS was 20% higher than the seedlings from the commercial substrate. The plants cultivated with the SMS presented higher production than the plants cultivated with bovine manure incorporated the soil. According to our results, The SMS was as good as the commercial substrates tested. Therefore, the SMS can be recommended for the growth and nutrition of seedling production and denotes potential viability for use in the tomato production cycle in its different phases.
RESUMO A produção de Agaricus bisporus resulta em material residual significativo após seu cultivo. O substrato pós-cultivo do cogumelo (SMS), devido às suas propriedades físicas e conteúdo de nutrientes, tem um grande potencial para uso na agricultura. Nosso estudo avaliou a viabilidade do uso do SMS como substrato alternativo para a produção de mudas de tomate híbrido Paronset® e como fertilizante orgânico em sua produção. Para realizar o experimento de produção de frutos, foram utilizados três tipos de fertilizantes (SMS de A. bisporus, NPK e esterco bovino) com quatro repetições. As mudas produzidas no SMS apresentaram maiores índices de tempo e velocidade de germinação e se destacaram dos demais substratos na avaliação de qualidade de mudas. Na fase de produção de frutos de tomate, a média de produção das plantas originárias do SMS foi 20% maior que as mudas advindas do substrato comercial. As plantas cultivadas com o SMS apresentaram maior produção que as plantas cultivadas com esterco bovino incorporado ao solo. De acordo com nossos resultados, o SMS foi tão bom quanto o substrato comercial testado. Portanto, o SMS pode ser recomendado para o crescimento e nutrição da produção de mudas e denota potencial viabilidade para uso no ciclo de produção do tomate em suas diferentes fases.
ABSTRACT The production of tomato seedlings is conducted on commercial substrates with adequate properties for the good formation of the aerial part and root. The Spent Mushroom Substrate, or SMS, ...presents advantages over commercial substrates regarding the quality of the vegetable seedlings, which may be provided by the presence of a rich microbiota, bringing higher balance and competition with pathogenic microorganisms, in addition to the biological control of pathogens and nematodes. It is important to know the microbiota present in this material and its relation to the plant, in order for this association to occur in the best manner possible. This work had the objective of identifying the microbiota present in the rhizosphere of tomato seedlings produced in SMS of Agaricus subrufescens and Agaricus bisporus mushrooms, added or not with commercial substrate. The microbiota was analyzed by DGGE and the representative samples were sequenced in order to identify the species. Among the eukaryotes, the Chaetomium globosum, Arthrobotrys amerospora species were predominant in the A. subrufescens SMS, and Geastrum floriforme, Chrysosporium chiropterum, Pleurotus sp., and Trichosporon sp. in the A. bisporus SMS. Prokaryotes are the most diverse group, suggesting a large number of species not yet classified or which sequences are not yet available.
RESUMO A produção de mudas de tomateiro é conduzida em substratos comerciais com propriedades adequadas para a boa formação da parte aérea e da raiz. O composto pós-cultivo de cogumelos (“Spent Mushroom Substrate” ou SMS) apresenta algumas vantagens em relação aos substratos comerciais para a qualidade das mudas de hortaliças, que podem ser proporcionados pela presença de uma rica microbiota, trazendo maior equilíbrio e maior competição com microrganismos patogênicos, além do controle biológico de patógenos e nematoides. É importante conhecer a microbiota presente nesse material e sua relação com a planta, para que essa associação possa ser feita da melhor maneira possível. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a microbiota presente na rizosfera de mudas de tomate produzidas em SMS de cogumelos das espécies Agaricus subrufescens e Agaricus bisporus, acrescidos ou não de substrato comercial. A microbiota foi analisada por DGGE e amostras representativas de DNA foram sequenciadas para identificação das espécies. Entre os eucariotos, foram encontradas espécies de Chaetomium globosum, Arthrobotrys amerospora, predominantes no SMS de A. subrufescens, e Geastrum floriforme, Chrysosporium chiropterum, Pleurotus sp., e Trichosporon sp. no SMS de A. bisporus. Os procariontes apresentam maior diversidade, sugerindo um grande número de espécies ainda não classificadas ou cujas sequências ainda não estão disponíveis.
Agaricus subrufescens, also known as the “sun mushroom,” has significant nutritional and medicinal value. However, its short shelf life due to the browning process results in post-harvest losses ...unless it's quickly dehydrated. This restricts its availability to consumers in the form of capsules. A genome sequence of A. subrufescens may lead to new cultivation alternatives or the application of gene editing strategies to delay the browning process. We assembled a chromosome-scale genome using a hybrid approach combining Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. The genome was assembled into 13 chromosomes and 31 unplaced scaffolds, totaling 44.5 Mb with 96.5% completeness and 47.24% GC content. 14,332 protein-coding genes were identified, with 64.6% of the genome covered by genes and 23.41% transposable elements. The mitogenome was circularized and encoded fourteen typical mitochondrial genes. Four polyphenol oxidase (PPO) genes and the Mating-type locus were identified. Phylogenomic analysis supports the placement of A. subrufescens in the Agaricomycetes clade. This is the first available genome sequence of a strain of the “sun mushroom.” Results are available through a Genome Browser (https://plantgenomics.ncc.unesp.br/gen.php?id=Asub) and can support further fungal biological and genomic studies.
The adaptive potential of plants is commonly used as an indicator of genotypes with higher breeding program potential. However, the complexity and interaction of plant metabolic parameters pose a ...challenge to selection strategies. In this context, this study aimed to explore phenotypic plasticity within the germplasm of Hybrid Timor coffee. Additionally, we assessed the utility of the multivariate phenotypic plasticity index (MVPi) as a promising tool to predict genotype performance across diverse climatic conditions. To achieve this, we evaluated the performance of seven accessions from the Hybrid Timor germplasm in comparison to the Rubi and IPR 100 cultivars, known for their susceptibility and resistance to drought, respectively. The experiment took place in a greenhouse under two conditions: one with normal soil moisture levels near maximum capacity, and the other with a water deficit scenario involving a period of no irrigation followed by rehydration. Data on physiological and biochemical factors were collected at three stages: before applying the water deficit, during its imposition, and after rehydration. Growth data were obtained by the difference between the beginning and end of the experimental period Furthermore, field evaluations of the productivity of the same genotypes were carried out over two consecutive seasons. Based on physiological and biochemical assessments, the MVPi was computed, employing Euclidean distance between principal component multivariate analysis scores. Subsequently, this index was correlated with growth and productivity data through linear regressions. Our findings reveal that the plastic genotypes that are capable of significantly altering physiological and biochemical parameters in response to environmental stimuli exhibited reduced biomass loss in both aerial and root parts. As a result, this positively influenced their productivity. Enhanced plasticity was particularly prominent in accessions from the MG Germplasm Collection: MG 311-Hybrid Timor UFV 428-02, MG 270-Hybrid Timor UFV 377-21, and MG 279-Hybrid Timor UFV 376-31, alongside the Rubi MG 1192 cultivar. The MVPi emerged as a valuable instrument to assess genotype adaptability and predict their performance under varying climatic scenarios.
The antimicrobial activity of blend of essential oils and their nanoemulsions against Clostridium sporogenes inoculated in mortadella with sodium nitrite reduction (75 ppm) was evaluated. In ...addition, physicochemical analysis such as pH, residual nitrite, lipid oxidation, aw and color were realized. Sensory characteristics of mortadella containing essential oils and their nanoemulsions were evaluated through a focus group and control difference test. Nanoemulsions were more effective than individual essential oils in reducing vegetative cells of C. sporogenes. The combinations of essential oils and their nanoemulsions acted as an antioxidant in the meat product and did not modify the other technological characteristics of the product. Although mortadella added with a natural preservative is an attraction, flavor and color variability must be considered. The present study showed good results for the application of essential oil nanoemulsions as a preservative in meat products and encourages further studies in this regard.
•The blends of essential oils were effective against vegetative cells of C. sporogenes.•It was possible to make nanoemulsion from combinations of essential oils.•Nanoemulsions reduced the microbial growth in mortadella.•The blends of essential oils and nanoemulsions were antioxidants in the meat product.
Após a invenção do microscópio, foi possível estudar microrganismos e conhecer a ultraestrutura de fungos, além de auxiliar entender alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento celular e taxonômico, ...compreender os processos de disseminação e interações patógenos-hospedeiros. O cogumelo Agaricus bisporus, popularmente conhecido como champignon, é um dos cogumelos mais consumidos no mundo. Uma das principais doenças que acometem esse cogumelo é a doença da bolha seca, causada pelo fungo Lecanicillium fungicola. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a utilização da microscopia como ferramenta de identificação dos fungos A. bisporus e L. fungicola. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que tanto a microscopia óptica como a microscopia eletrônica de varredura são ferramentas de grande potencial, porém não são suficientes para identificar com precisão as espécies, sendo necessária a adição de outras técnicas de identificação, como o sequenciamento genético e analise de filogenia, utilizadas nesse trabalho para identificação e confirmação.
is a foodborne pathogen responsible for severe neuroparalytic disease associated with the ingestion of pre-formed toxin in food, with processed meats and canned foods being the most affected. Control ...of this pathogen in meat products is carried out using the preservative sodium nitrite (NaNO
), which in food, under certain conditions, such as thermal processing and storage, can form carcinogenic compounds. Therefore, the objective was to use nanoemulsified essential oils (EOs) as natural antimicrobial agents, with the aim of reducing the dose of NaNO
applied in mortadella. The antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsions prepared with mixtures of EOs of garlic, clove, pink pepper, and black pepper was evaluated on endospores and vegetative cells of
and
(surrogate model) inoculated in mortadella prepared with 50 parts per million NaNO
. The effects on the technological (pH, water activity, and color) and sensory characteristics of the product were also evaluated. The combinations of EOs and their nanoemulsions showed sporicidal effects on the endospores of both tested microorganisms, with no counts observed from the 10th day of analysis. Furthermore, bacteriostatic effects on the studied microorganisms were observed. Regarding the technological and sensorial characteristics of the product, the addition of the combined EOs had a negative impact on the color of the mortadella and on the flavor/aroma. Despite the strong commercial appeal of adding natural preservatives to foods, the effects on flavor and color must be considered. Given the importance of controlling
in this type of product, as well as the reduction in the amount of NaNO
used, this combination of EOs represents a promising antimicrobial alternative to this preservative, encouraging further research in this direction.
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