Based on the analysis of various approaches, theoretical and legal ideas regarding the effectiveness of the goal-setting mechanism of administrative law norms have been determined, and the author’s ...point of view has been expressed on some fundamental aspects of the problem. It is noted that the author is a supporter of the so-called complex approach, according to which the evaluation of any phenomenon from the point of view of its effectiveness has a multifaceted orientation. At the same time, it should be noted that, taking into account the specificity and content of the mechanism of goal-setting norms of administrative law, the basis of such an assessment is the priority approach, according to which the analysis of the achievement of real final results by the mechanism of goal-setting norms of administrative law, embodied in the legal consequences of the implementation of norms, is carried out . At the same time, among the aspects of such an analysis there is a block of social and economic evaluations, where the priority of one or another aspect in one or another case is determined depending on the nature, level, or direction of one or another group of norms of administrative law that is subject to evaluation - that is, it is the direct subject of evaluation on efficiency. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of the goal-setting mechanism of administrative law is not limited by social or economic aspects. This mechanism can be evaluated for political purposes (determines the effectiveness of the goal-setting mechanism in terms of the state’s ability to perform internal and external functions, etc.); psychological (evaluates the ability of the goal-setting mechanism to ensure the perception of the norms of administrative law by their addressees); conflict (determines the ability of the goal-setting mechanism to influence the level of conflict in society as a whole, in a certain social group, team, etc.) and other aspects. It has been established that the effectiveness of the goal-setting mechanism of administrative law norms is a complex category that includes a set of criteria and indicators that determine the level of achievement by the process of formulating and adjusting the goals of administrative law norms of specific social, economic, political or other results, which is manifested as a result of the implementation of the specified norms.
THERE HAS BEEN INCREASED INTEREST in tuberculosis (TB) due to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms, including M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, in wild and captive wild animals ...following outbreaks of the disease in animals in zoos, primate centers, animal colonies, and game parks. The importance of these occurrences of TB is emphasized by the difficulty of replacing some rare and endangered species, by the economic losses, and by the public health hazard.
Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya Kantor, Isabel N
Medicina (Buenos Aires),
01/2016, Letnik:
76, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods, including those responsible for the current pandemic: alphavirus (Chikungunya) and flaviviruses (dengue and Zika). Its importance increased in the Americas ...over the past 20 years. The main vectors are Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus. Dengue infection provides long lasting immunity against the specific serotype and temporary to the other three. Subsequent infection by another serotype determines more serious disease. There is a registered vaccine for dengue, Dengvaxia (Sanofi Pasteur). Other two (Butantan and Takeda) are in Phase III in 2016. Zika infection is usually asymptomatic or occurs with rash, conjunctivitis and not very high fever. There is no vaccine or specific treatment. It can be transmitted by parental, sexual and via blood transfusion. It has been associated with microcephaly. Chikungunya causes prolonged joint pain and persistent immune response. Two candidate vaccines are in Phase II. Dengue direct diagnosis is performed by virus isolation, RT-PCR and ELISA for NS1 antigen detection; indirect methods are ELISA-IgM (cross-reacting with other flavivirus), MAC-ELISA, and plaque neutralization. Zika is diagnosed by RT-PCR and virus isolation. Serological diagnosis cross-reacts with other flavivirus. For CHIKV culture, RT-PCR, MAC-ELISA and plaque neutralization are used. Against Aedes organophosphate larvicides (temephos), organophosphorus insecticides (malathion and fenitrothion) and pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin) are usually employed. Resistance has been described to all these products. Vegetable derivatives are less expensive and biodegradable, including citronella oil, which microencapsulated can be preserved from evaporation.
Of the approximately 374 million cattle in Latin America and the Caribbean, 70% are held in areas where rates of
Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle are higher than 1%. The remaining 30% are in ...countries where infection affects less than 1% of cattle, including 62 million in countries where bovine tuberculosis infection is virtually nil. Measures for controlling bovine tuberculosis are partially or extensively applied in most of the countries in the Region. These measures are based on test and slaughter, notification, post-mortem inspection and surveillance in slaughterhouses. A coordinated production, standardization and quality control of purified protein derivatives is urgently required for use in control and eradication campaigns in order to assure reliability of reagents and comparability of data on tuberculin testing within the Region. On the basis of information from Argentina,
M. bovis is estimated to cause 2% of all human cases of tuberculosis in the Region. Slaughterhouse and dairy farms workers are most-frequently infected, with infection occurring via the respiratory tract. Various in vitro assays for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis have been developed and/or assessed in the Region, and DNA fingerprinting has been applied for a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis at the local and regional level.
A steep upsurge of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) was recently observed at a referral treatment center in Buenos Aires City. Between January ...1994 and June 1995, TB isolates resistant to at least five drugs were recovered from 101 of 272 HIV-infected inpatients. Highly resistant isolates from 77 patients underwent restriction fragment length polymorphism study with IS6110. After cross-contamination was eliminated, a single TB strain was found to have caused disease in 68 patients with a history of on-site exposure. The frequency of smear-positive pulmonary disease was higher among these patients than among non-MDR-TB HIV-infected patients (50/68 vs. 60/148, P < .001), and the 1-year survival was dramatically reduced (5/68 vs. 92/148). The strain involved in the outbreak was traced back to patients hospitalized in 1992. Institutional infection control policies were and may still be inadequate to contain the spread of TB among immunodepressed subjects, as is the case in other large urban hospitals in Argentina.
One hundred years after the "Spanish" flu Lüthy, Isabel A; Ritacco, Viviana; Kantor, Isabel N
Medicina (Buenos Aires),
2018, Letnik:
78, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The "Spanish" flu pandemic, which occurred a century ago, is considered the most devastating in human history. An estimated one third of world population fell ill with flu and more than 2.5% of them ...died. The course of the epidemic had two main waves (1918 and 1919) and showed an unusual W-shaped morbidity/mortality distribution. Death was not a direct outcome of flu itself but rather a consequence of secondary bacterial bronchopneumonia, for which antibiotics had not yet been discovered. Pre-existing pulmonary tuberculosis was also accountable for increased flu death rates during the pandemic. As it happened in Europe, in Argentina the epidemic had two main waves, with ample variation in mortality by region. Available treatment at the time included diet, throat antiseptic rinses, low doses of quinine valerianate, salicylates, codeine as a cough suppressant, and camphor oil. Primitive anti-pneumococcal vaccines and immune sera were also applied. Upon the disclosure of the whole RNA sequence of the 1918 influenza virus genome, by means of reverse genetics it was possible to assemble viral particles resembling those of the deadly pandemic. The reconstituted virus proved to be extraordinarily virulent for mice. Current seasonal flu vaccines help to reduce, but not to abolish, the risk of another pandemic. The ongoing development of "universal" vaccines against influenza conferring reliable and long-lasting immunity may prevent its global spread in the future.
Tuberculosis continues to be an important disease both in humans and animals. It causes morbidity, mortality and economic loss worldwide. The occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis disease in humans, ...domesticated and wild animals confirms the relevance of this zoonosis. M. bovis in humans continues to be reported in industrialised countries and in immigrants from regions of the world where tuberculosis in cattle is endemic. The real incidence of M. bovis in humans in developing countries continues to be roughly under-estimated due to the scarcity of appropriate laboratory facilities to isolate and to differentiate M. bovis strains. In Latin America, less than 1% of tuberculosis cases are reported as being due to M. bovis. However, the economic relevance that meat and dairy industries play in these countries stimulates the promotion of bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes. Human-to-human airborne transmission of M. bovis does occur and it may be important where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans is prevalent, M. bovis infection in cattle is enzootic and pasteurisation of dairy products is not routinely practised. Eradication of M. bovis in cattle and pasteurisation of dairy products are the cornerstones of prevention of human disease. Measures should be developed to identify and control M. bovis infection in wild animals as these may be important reservoirs of infection for domesticated food-producing animals. There is a need for medical and veterinary professionals to cooperate on disease outbreaks. The information presented herein strongly supports the ‘One World/One Health/One Medicine’ concept.
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