In the study, it was aimed to determine the molecular characterization and genetic relationships of
Mentha
species obtained from different countries and regions at the molecular level and to ensure ...the sustainability of these species. For this purpose, ISSR marker technique, which is effective in detecting polymorphism and genetic variation within and between
Mentha
species, was used. In the study a total of 460 allelic bands were detected, and all bands were found to be 100% polymorphic. The maximum number of bands was produced by the ISSR7 primer (25), but the minimum number of bands was produced by the ISSR12 primer (13). The highest PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) value was detected in the ISSR3 primer (0.521) but the lowest PIC value was determined in the 903 primer (0.203). Molecular datas were analyzed using the NTSYSpc 2.02 software and it was determined that the mint species were divided into two main groups. In the results obtained, it was determined that there was no relationship between the genetic diversity and geographical origins, and the populations from different geographical regions were in the same clusters. In the study, it was concluded that there was a significant molecular diversity among the species, and that some
Mentha
clones, which are defined by morphological features and still remain taxonomically uncertain, were belong to which species at the molecular level. Therefore, it is insufficient to classify species with morphochemical, morphological and phenotypic characteristics.
The present study was carried out using Dinçer and Olas safflower varieties at 5 different salt (NaCl) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM) for 14 days. The germination percentages of the ...cultivars under salt conditions as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD and APX) and biochemical changes (protein and MDA) in the seedlings were determined. The germination percentage decreased with increased salt concentrations, and the greatest decrease in germination percentage was observed at a 200 mM salt concentration by 34% in both cultivars. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased at low salt concentrations, but decreased after 100 and 150 mM salt concentrations, respectively. Catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents, increased with increasing salt concentrations at Dinçer and Olas, but total soluble protein content decreased with increasing salt concentration. Peroxidase (POD) activity was not significantly affected by salt stress in safflower. Germination percentage showed negative correlations with CAT, MDA and H2O2 levels, and showed a positive correlation with soluble protein content under salt stress in safflower. The present results may be useful to identify mechanisms of salt tolerance involving antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical changes in safflower seedlings.
Mevcut çalışma Dinçer ve Olas aspir çeşitleri kullanılarak 5 farklı tuz (NaCl) konsantrasyonunda (0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 mM) 14 gün boyunca yapılmıştır. Çeşitlerin tuzluluk şartları altında çimlenme oranları ve fideciklerdeki antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri (SOD, CAT, POD ve APX) ve biyokimyasal değişiklikler (protein and MDA) belirlenmiştir. Tuz konsantrasyonu arttıkça çimlenme oranı azalmış ve her iki çeşit için çimlenme oranındaki en yüksek düşüş %34 ile 200 mM tuz konsantrasyonunda gözlenmiştir. Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) aktivitesi düşük tuz konsantrasyonlarında artmış fakat Dinçer çeşidinde 100 mM ve Olas çeşidinde 150 mM tuz konsantrasyonlarında SOD aktivitesinin azaldığı gözlenmiştir. Dinçer ve Olas çeşitlerinde katalaz (CAT) ve askorbat peroksidaz (APX) aktivitesi, malondialdehit (MDA) ve hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) miktarlarının tuz konsantrasyonlarına bağlı olarak arttığı fakat toplam çözünebilir protein içeriğinin ise azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Peroksidaz (POD) aktivitesi aspirde tuz stresine bağlı olarak önemli bir değişim göstermemiştir. Aspirde tuz stresi sonucu çimlenme yüzdesindeki azalma CAT, MDA ve H2O2 ile negatif, çözünür protein miktarı ile pozitif korelasyon göstermiştir. SOD aktivitesindeki değişim ise POD, CAT, MDA ve H2O2 ile pozitif korelasyonları göstermiştir. Mevcut sonuçlar, aspirin tuzluluk toleransını regüle etmek için fideciklerdeki antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri ve biyokimyasal içeriklerdeki değişimler hakkında yararlı olacaktır.
The study was conducted to determine the effects of cultivar, harvest period and their interaction on the hydrophilic phenolic components extra virgin olive oils of the cultivars ‘Ayvalık’, ‘Memecik’ ...and ‘Topakaşı’. Olives were collected at three different harvesting periods; (1) early harvest period-1 (Beginning of spotting), (2) early harvest period-2 (End of spotting), and (3) optimum harvest period. Oils were extracted using an abencor system. HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatograph) technique was used to quantify The phenolic compounds including: tyrosol (p-HPEA), hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA), luteolin, rutin, quercetin, catechin, sinapinic acid,
p
-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, vanillin, vanillic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid were quantified using HPLC. The results indicated that the effects of harvest period on the phenolic components were variety dependent. At the early harvest period-1, ‘Memecik’ and ‘Topakaşı’ had the highest efficiency in luteolin, cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, and ferulic acid contents, while ‘Ayvalık’ had the highest efficiency in hydroxytyrosol, sinapinic acid,
p
-coumaric, vanillin and ferulic acid contents. At the optimum harvest period, ‘Ayvalık’ had the highest efficiency in luteolin, tyrosol and gallic acid contents, while ‘Topakaşı’ had the highest efficiency in tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol and rutin content. The highest phenolic content was detected in the early harvest period-1. The content of tyrosol linearly increased with the progress of maturity harvest period, whereas the contents of the sinapinic acid, vanillin, vanilic acid and ferulic acid decreased. The oils of ‘Memecik’ variety had significantly higher phenolic content than those of ‘Ayvalık’ and ‘Topakaşı’ varieties.
This study was carried out to determine some fruit properties and biochemical (total oil, fatty acid composition, protein, total phenolic compounds, total antioxidant capacity, total flavonoids) ...characteristics of different pecan nut cultivars (Burkett, Choctaw, Mahan, Western, Wichita) grown in the Antalya Region (BATEM). It was determined that some fruit properties and biochemical contents of the cultivars used in the study. In the study, it was determined that the shelled fruit weight varied between 7.78 g (Burkett) and 11.40 g (Mahan), kernel weight between 3.45 g (Burkett) and 5.99 g (Mahan), and kernel percentage between 44.2% (Burkett) and 55.6% (Western). The total oil content of the cultivars ranged from 67.70% (Mahan) to 73.95% (Wichita), protein content from 7.45% (Mahan) to 9.76% (Western), total phenolic compounds from 115.29 mg GAE g-1 (Choctaw) to 176.65 mg GAE/g (Burkett), total antioxidant capacity from 201.36 mg TEAC g-1 (Choctaw) to 487.89 mg TEAC g-1 (Burkett), and total flavonoids from 1.84 mg Catechin g-1 (Western) to 2.24 mg Catechin/g (Mahan). In the study, oleic acid was determined as the major fatty acid, and the lowest ratio of unsaturated fatty acids was found in the Wichita cultivar (90.73%), but the highest ratio was determined in the Western cultivar (91.43%).
Black cumin, Nigella sativa L. belonging to Ranunculaceae family, is a valuable medicinal plant due to the taste and curative effects of seed and oil. Although there are studies on the agronomical ...and chemical characterization of black cumin, there is not any study on the thymoquinone yield, and the thymoquinone content in the cold pressed seed oil. The study investigated thymoquinone content in cold-pressed seed oil and the thymoquinone yield per hectare of Turkish black cumin genotypes from two cultivated Nigella species, N. sativa and N. damascena, along with their agronomic properties, seed yield, and fatty acid composition. Field studies were carried out in the same climatic and soil conditions in a randomized block design for two years. The fatty acid composition of the seed oils was analyzed by gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID), and the amount of thymoquinone in the cold-pressed seed oil was analyzed by the Waters Acquity UPC2 system. As a result of the field and analytic studies, significant differences were observed in other agronomic characteristics, except for the number of branches. In the studies, the highest seed yield was obtained in the Genotype 3 with 2.690 kg/ha, Genotype 17 with 2.227 kg/ha and Genotype 16 with 2.003 kg/ha. However, the variations were observed in the yields under the changing climatic conditions of the years. In the study, the seed oil ratios of the genotypes varied between 33.8% and 38.4% in the first year, and between 28.8% and 38.7% in the second year, but the difference between the genotypes in the second year was statistically significant (p < 0.05). While thymoquinone was not found in the damascena seed oil samples, it was found between 0.45% and 4.57% in the cold-pressed seed oil of the sativa genotypes. Thymoquinone yields per hectare were between 1.24 and 18.41 kg/ha. Linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids are the major fatty acids, and their values were found close to each other in the all genotypes. As a result of the study, the genotypes with high thymoquinone content were classified as medicine and folk medicine, and the genotypes with low thymoquinone content were classified as spice and food. It was also concluded that the sectoral classification, called "bitter black cumin" or “sweet black cumin”, is related to the thymoquinone contents in the cold-pressed seed oil.
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•Thymoquinone is a valuable component in Nigella sativa seed oil.•Analyzing thymoquinone content in cold-pressed seed oil with the Waters Acquity UPC2.•Thymoquinone yield per hectare for industrial production.•Selection of genotypes with high thymoquinone content is beneficial for traditional medicine.
The aim of the study was to determine the germination and seedling growth performances of 25 rootstock candidates of almond genotypes and their tolerance to
Meloidogyne incognita
and
Meloidogyne ...javanica
nematode species. It was found that genotypes 29, 57, 58, 76, and 156 showed a germination output of over 90% in the years 2017 and 2018 and they stood out in terms of seed germination. We determined that genotypes 29, 68, 133, and 196 showed less than 5% variation in terms of the coefficients of variation in the seed diameter in both years. In terms of seedling size variation, genotypes 101, 161, and 183 came to the fore with a variation of less than 5% in both years. Although it was determined that all genotypes reached the thickness that can be grafted at a high rate in the same year, genotypes 29 and 161 stood out with the rate of seedlings with a diameter of over 7 mm in both years. Generally, the gall ratio of
Meloidogyne incognita
and the resulting population in the soil were higher than those of
Meloidogyne javanica
. According to the gall ratios in the roots, the gall ratio values in genotypes 29, 66, 80, 121, 127, 134, 143, 161, and 163 were 2.0 and below, and they stood out as promising genotypes for resistance. Genotype 29 was noteworthy in terms of both its seedling growth performance and nematode tolerance characteristics.
For this purpose, 18 cucumber lines were evaluated for their genetic diversity using six morphological characterizations (plant morphology, plant length, length of leaf blade, fruit length, fruit ...diameter and fruit stem length) and eight AFLP markers. These AFLP primer combinations amplified well and also showed polymorphism. Thus, 1975 AFLP fragments were obtained and 1468 fragments were polymorphic (75.34%). Dendrograms were drawn using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method) arithmetical averages and according to the UPGMA dendrogram, the cucumber accessions clustered into two main groups. The genetic distances of the dendrogram varied between 0.92 and 0.96. Cluster analysis based on morphological data discriminated all lines into three major clusters in UPGMA dendrogram. The similarity coefficient ranged between 0.888 and 0.982 indicating that the cucumber lines used in the study have a low level of genetic variation. Results obtained from the phylogenetic dendrogram by 8 pairs of AFLP primers were consistent with those from the UPGMA clustering analysis, which were in according with the morphological taxonomy on cucumber.
Bu çalışmanın amacı hıyar genotiplerinin morfolojik ve moleküler çeşitliliğini değerlendirmektir. Bu amaçla, altı adet morfolojik özellik (bitki morfolojisi, bitki boyu, yaprak ayası büyüklüğü, meyve uzunluğu, meyve çapı ve meyve sapı uzunluğu) ve sekiz AFLP markeri kullanılarak 18 hıyar hattı genetik çeşitlilik açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Kullanılan AFLP primer kombinasyonları polimorfizm göstermiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 1975 AFLP fragmanı elde edilmiş ve 1468 fragmanın polimorfik olduğu görülmüştür (%75.34). Dendrogramlar, aritmetik ortalamalar kullanılarak UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method) yöntemiyle çizilmiş ve UPGMA dendrogramına göre hıyar genotipleri iki ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Dendrogramın genetik mesafeleri 0.92 ile 0.96 arasında değişmiştir. Morfolojik verilere dayanan küme analizinde ise UPGMA dendrogramı tüm hatları üç ana kümeye ayırmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan hıyar hatlarının benzerlik katsayısının 0.888 ile 0.982 arasında değişen düşük bir genetik varyasyon seviyesine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. 8 çift AFLP primeri ile oluşturulan filogenetik dendogramlarla, morfolojik taksonomi ile yapılan UPGMA kümeleme analizleriyle oluşturulan dendogramlar örtüşmektedir.
The effects of postharvest applications of hot water (HWT) (45, 50, and 55 °C), 1-MCP (1, 5, and 10 μL/L), and CaCl2 (1, 2, and 3%) on polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), ...α-galactosidase (α-Gal), β-galactosidase (β-Gal) and β-1,4-glucanase (β-1,4-Glu) activities, and the fruit firmness and cell wall composition of eggplant fruit were investigated. The results showed that the decrease in the eggplants firmness was delayed by HWT, 1-MCP, and CaCl2 treatments during storage compared with the control. However, HWTs were less effective than the 1-MCP and CaCl2 treatments. The results show that 1-MCP and CaCl2 treatments inhibited the depolymerization of water (WSP), CDTA (CSP), and sodium carbonate (SSP) soluble polyuronides. The results suggest that 1-MCP (5 and 10 μL/L) and CaCl2 (1, 2, and 3%) could prevent eggplant softening by inhibiting hydrolase enzymes and reducing the disintegration of the polysaccharides. In addition, 1-MCP and CaCl2 were more effective than hot water treatment in extending postharvest storage life. There is a significantly high correlation between firmness, polyuronide content and cell wall enzyme activity.
Graphical Abstract
This is a visual representation of the abstract.
In this study, a micropropagation approach was developed for a commercially important myrtle clone ‘Aşı Mersin’ in Turkey. The effects of different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ), ...6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on shoot formation and the effect of activated charcoal on rooting were studied. The most of the shoots were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.3 mg L-1 TDZ + 0.1 mg L-1 NAA in the 1st subculture (3.8 shoot), and from MS with 0.3 mg L-1 TDZ + 0.01 mg L-1 NAA in the 2nd subculture (4.0 shoot). The explants were rooted in ½MS containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), NAA and activated charcoal (AC). IBA applications induced more rooting than NAA. The medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 IBA + 2.0 g L-1 AC resulted in the highest rooting ratio (80%). Addition of AC into the medium resulted in slight increase in the rooting ratio, significant increase in shoot length, and reduced darkening in the rooting area. Acclimatization was successful for 86% of the rooted plants
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