Can a Retail Web Site Be Social? Wang, Liz C.; Baker, Julie; Wagner, Judy A. ...
Journal of marketing,
07/2007, Letnik:
71, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Avatars are lifelike characters created by technology. Research suggests that avatars can increase the persuasiveness of online sales channels. The authors investigate how the social cues inherent in ...avatars influence consumers' affect and shopping value. In Study 1, social cues induce perceptions of Web site socialness, leading to increased pleasure and arousal, both of which positively influence flow, hedonic and utilitarian value, and patronage intentions. Study 2 finds that social cue-induced arousal leads to increased pleasure only for consumers who are involved with the product category. Moreover, the influence of arousal on hedonic value is stronger for women, flow does not lead to pleasure for older consumers, and utilitarian value is less important for this group than for their younger counterparts. The findings suggest that there is a competitive advantage for online retailers that use social cues that provide consumers with enhanced perceptions of human connection and the formation of emotional bonds.
Clinicopathologic data from a population-based endometrial cancer cohort, unselected for age or family history, were analyzed to determine the optimal scheme for identification of patients with ...germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations.
Endometrial cancers from 702 patients recruited into the Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study (ANECS) were tested for MMR protein expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for MLH1 gene promoter methylation in MLH1-deficient cases. MMR mutation testing was performed on germline DNA of patients with MMR-protein deficient tumors. Prediction of germline mutation status was compared for combinations of tumor characteristics, age at diagnosis, and various clinical criteria (Amsterdam, Bethesda, Society of Gynecologic Oncology, ANECS).
Tumor MMR-protein deficiency was detected in 170 (24%) of 702 cases. Germline testing of 158 MMR-deficient cases identified 22 truncating mutations (3% of all cases) and four unclassified variants. Tumor MLH1 methylation was detected in 99 (89%) of 111 cases demonstrating MLH1/PMS2 IHC loss; all were germline MLH1 mutation negative. A combination of MMR IHC plus MLH1 methylation testing in women younger than 60 years of age at diagnosis provided the highest positive predictive value for the identification of mutation carriers at 46% versus ≤ 41% for any other criteria considered.
Population-level identification of patients with MMR mutation-positive endometrial cancer is optimized by stepwise testing for tumor MMR IHC loss in patients younger than 60 years, tumor MLH1 methylation in individuals with MLH1 IHC loss, and germline mutations in patients exhibiting loss of MSH6, MSH2, or PMS2 or loss of MLH1/PMS2 with absence of MLH1 methylation.
Abstract Sepsis is a leading cause of death. Rapid and accurate identification of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance directly from blood culture could improve patient outcomes. The FilmArray® ...(FA; Idaho Technology, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) Blood Culture (BC) panel can identify >25 pathogens and 4 antibiotic resistance genes from positive blood cultures in 1 h. We compared a development version of the panel to conventional culture and susceptibility testing on 102 archived blood cultures from adults and children with bacteremia. Of 109 pathogens identified by culture, 95% were identified by FA. Among 111 prospectively collected blood cultures, the FA identified 84 (91%) of 92 pathogens covered by the panel. Among 25 Staphylococcus aureus and 21 Enterococcus species detected, FA identified all culture-proven methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The FA BC panel is an accurate method for the rapid identification of pathogens and resistance genes from blood culture.
In dose-response and structure-activity studies, human hepatic HepG2 cells were exposed for 3 days to nano Cu, nano CuO or CuCl
2
(ions) at doses between 0.1 and 30 ug/ml (approximately the no ...observable adverse effect level to a high degree of cytotoxicity). Various biochemical parameters were then evaluated to study cytotoxicity, cell growth, hepatic function, and oxidative stress. With nano Cu and nano CuO, few indications of cytotoxicity were observed between 0.1 and 3 ug/ml. In respect to dose, lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase were the most sensitive cytotoxicity parameters. The next most responsive parameters were alanine aminotransferase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and protein concentration. The medium responsive parameters were superoxide dismutase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, total bilirubin, and microalbumin. The parameters glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and protein were all altered by nano Cu and nano CuO but not by CuCl
2
exposures. Our chief observations were (1) significant decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase was observed at doses below the doses that show high cytotoxicity, (2) even high cytotoxicity did not induce large changes in some study parameters (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, catalase, microalbumin, total bilirubin, thioredoxin reductase, and triglycerides), (3) even though many significant biochemical effects happen only at doses showing varying degrees of cytotoxicity, it was not clear that cytotoxicity alone caused all of the observed significant biochemical effects, and (4) the decreased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase support the view that oxidative stress is a main toxicity pathway of CuCl
2
and Cu–containing nanomaterials.
•Endometrial cancer risk is predicted by cancer in first and second degree relatives.•The strongest predictor was a first degree relative with endometrial cancer <50y.•Risk was significantly greater ...with increasing Lynch cancers reported in relatives.•Risk associated with cancer in relatives did not differ by proband tumor MMR status.
To determine endometrial cancer (EC) risk according to family cancer history, including assessment by degree of relatedness, type of and age at cancer diagnosis of relatives.
Self-reported family cancer history was available for 1353 EC patients and 628 controls. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between EC and cancer diagnosis in ≥1 first or second degree relative, and to assess whether level of risk differed by degree of relationship and/or relative's age at diagnosis. Risk was also evaluated for family history of up to three cancers from known familial syndromes (Lynch, Cowden, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer) overall, by histological subtype and, for a subset of 678 patients, by EC tumor mismatch repair (MMR) gene expression.
Report of EC in ≥1 first- or second-degree relative was associated with significantly increased risk of EC (P=3.8×10−7), independent of lifestyle risk factors. There was a trend in increasing EC risk with closer relatedness and younger age at EC diagnosis in relatives (PTrend=4.43×10−6), and with increasing numbers of Lynch cancers in relatives (PTrend≤0.0001). EC risk associated with family history did not differ by proband tumor MMR status, or histological subtype. Reported EC in first- or second-degree relatives remained associated with EC risk after conservative correction for potential misreported family history (OR 2.0; 95% CI, 1.24–3.37, P=0.004).
The strongest predictor of EC risk was closer relatedness and younger EC diagnosis age in ≥1 relative. Associations remained significant irrespective of proband MMR status, and after excluding MMR pathogenic variant carriers, indicating that Lynch syndrome genes do not fully explain familial EC risk.
In dose-response and structure-activity studies, human hepatic HepG2 cells were exposed to between 0.01 and 300 ug/ml of different silver nanomaterials and AgNO₃ for 3 days. Treatment chemicals ...included a custom synthesized rod shaped nano Ag, a glutathione capped nano Ag, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) capped nano Ag (75 nm) from Nanocomposix and AgNO₃. Various biochemical parameters were then evaluated to study cytotoxicity, cell growth, hepatic function and oxidative stress. Few indications of cytotoxicity were observed between 0.1 ug/ml and 6 ug/ml of any nano Ag. At 10 ug/ml and above, Ag containing nanomaterials caused a moderate to severe degree of cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate transaminase activity alterations were the most sensitive cytotoxicity parameters. Some biochemical parameters were altered by exposures to both nano Ag and AgNO₃ (statistically significant increases in alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, glutathione peroxidase and triglycerides; in contrast both glutathione reductase and HepG2 protein concentration were both decreased). Three parameters were significantly altered by nano Ag but not by AgNO₃ (decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and thioredoxin reductase and increases in catalase). Cytotoxicity per se did not appear to fully explain the patterns of biological responses observed. Some of the observations with the three nano Ag (increases in alkaline phosphatase, catalase, gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, as well as decreases in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase) are in the same direction as HepG2 responses to other nanomaterials composed of TiO₂, CeO₂, SiO₂, CuO and Cu. Therefore, these biochemical responses may be due to micropinocytosis of nanomaterials, membrane damage, oxidative stress and/or cytotoxicity. Decreased G6PDH (by all three nano Ag forms) and GRD activity (only nano Ag R did not cause decreases) support and are consistent with the oxidative stress theory of Ag nanomaterial action.
Videoconferencing is increasingly used to deliver family cancer services for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer to outreach areas. This study compared the effectiveness and acceptability of genetic ...counseling for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer through videoconferencing (hereafter referred to as "telegenetics").
One hundred six women seen by telegenetics and 89 women seen face-to-face completed self-administered questionnaires before, and 1 month after, genetic counseling. Telegenetics consultations involved a genetic clinician via telegenetics in addition to a local genetic counselor present with the patient.
No significant differences were found between telegenetics and face-to-face genetic counseling in terms of knowledge gained (P = 0.55), satisfaction with the genetic counseling service (P = 0.76), cancer-specific anxiety (P = 0.13), generalized anxiety (P = 0.42), depression (P = 0.96), perceived empathy of the genetic clinician (P = 0.13), and perceived empathy of the genetic counselor (P = 0.12). Telegenetics performed significantly better than face-to-face counseling in meeting patients' expectations (P = 0.009) and promoting perceived personal control (P = 0.031).
Telegenetics seems to be an acceptable and effective method of delivering genetic counseling services for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer to underserved areas.
The potential mammalian hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials was explored in dose-response and structure-activity studies in human hepatic HepG2 cells exposed to between 10 and 1000 μg/ml of five ...different CeO
, three SiO
, and one TiO
-based particles for 3 days. Various biochemical parameters were then evaluated to study cytotoxicity, cell growth, hepatic function, and oxidative stress. Few indications of cytotoxicity were observed between 10 and 30 μg/ml. In the 100 to 300 μg/ml exposure range, a moderate degree of cytotoxicity was often observed. At 1000 μg/ml exposures, all but TiO
showed a high degree of cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity per se did not seem to fully explain the observed patterns of biochemical parameters. Four nanomaterials (all three SiO
) decreased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity with some significant decreases observed at 30 μg/ml. In the range of 100 to 1000 μg/ml, the activities of glutathione reductase (by all three SiO
) and glutathione peroxidase were decreased by some nanomaterials. Decreased glutathione concentration was also found after exposure to four nanomaterials (all three nano SiO
particles). In this study, the more responsive and informative assays were glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate transaminase. In this study, there were six factors that contribute to oxidative stress observed in nanomaterials exposed to hepatocytes (decreased glutathione content, reduced glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and increased catalase activities). With respect to structure-activity, nanomaterials of SiO
were more effective than CeO
in reducing glutathione content, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase activities.
The potential mammalian hepatotoxicity of nanomaterials was explored in dose-response and structure-activity studies in human hepatic HepG2 cells exposed to between 10 and 1000 μg/ml of five ...different CeO
2
, three SiO
2
, and one TiO
2
-based particles for 3 days. Various biochemical parameters were then evaluated to study cytotoxicity, cell growth, hepatic function, and oxidative stress. Few indications of cytotoxicity were observed between 10 and 30 μg/ml. In the 100 to 300 μg/ml exposure range, a moderate degree of cytotoxicity was often observed. At 1000 μg/ml exposures, all but TiO
2
showed a high degree of cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity per se did not seem to fully explain the observed patterns of biochemical parameters. Four nanomaterials (all three SiO
2
) decreased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity with some significant decreases observed at 30 μg/ml. In the range of 100 to 1000 μg/ml, the activities of glutathione reductase (by all three SiO
2
) and glutathione peroxidase were decreased by some nanomaterials. Decreased glutathione concentration was also found after exposure to four nanomaterials (all three nano SiO
2
particles). In this study, the more responsive and informative assays were glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate transaminase. In this study, there were six factors that contribute to oxidative stress observed in nanomaterials exposed to hepatocytes (decreased glutathione content, reduced glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and increased catalase activities). With respect to structure-activity, nanomaterials of SiO
2
were more effective than CeO
2
in reducing glutathione content, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase activities.
Health care and public health professionals rely on accurate, real-time monitoring of infectious diseases for outbreak preparedness and response. Early detection of outbreaks is improved by systems ...that are comprehensive and specific with respect to the pathogen but are rapid in reporting the data. It has proven difficult to implement these requirements on a large scale while maintaining patient privacy.
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the automated export, aggregation, and analysis of infectious disease diagnostic test results from clinical laboratories across the United States in a manner that protects patient confidentiality. We hypothesized that such a system could aid in monitoring the seasonal occurrence of respiratory pathogens and may have advantages with regard to scope and ease of reporting compared with existing surveillance systems.
We describe a system, BioFire Syndromic Trends, for rapid disease reporting that is syndrome-based but pathogen-specific. Deidentified patient test results from the BioFire FilmArray multiplex molecular diagnostic system are sent directly to a cloud database. Summaries of these data are displayed in near real time on the Syndromic Trends public website. We studied this dataset for the prevalence, seasonality, and coinfections of the 20 respiratory pathogens detected in over 362,000 patient samples acquired as a standard-of-care testing over the last 4 years from 20 clinical laboratories in the United States.
The majority of pathogens show influenza-like seasonality, rhinovirus has fall and spring peaks, and adenovirus and the bacterial pathogens show constant detection over the year. The dataset can also be considered in an ecological framework; the viruses and bacteria detected by this test are parasites of a host (the human patient). Interestingly, the rate of pathogen codetections, on average 7.94% (28,741/362,101), matches predictions based on the relative abundance of organisms present.
Syndromic Trends preserves patient privacy by removing or obfuscating patient identifiers while still collecting much useful information about the bacterial and viral pathogens that they harbor. Test results are uploaded to the database within a few hours of completion compared with delays of up to 10 days for other diagnostic-based reporting systems. This work shows that the barriers to establishing epidemiology systems are no longer scientific and technical but rather administrative, involving questions of patient privacy and data ownership. We have demonstrated here that these barriers can be overcome. This first look at the resulting data stream suggests that Syndromic Trends will be able to provide high-resolution analysis of circulating respiratory pathogens and may aid in the detection of new outbreaks.
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