Nanometer-scale crystals of bulk group IV, III-V, II-VI, IV-VI, I-III-VI
2
, and metal-halide perovskite semiconductors, dispersed in solvents, are known as colloidal nanocrystals and form an ...excellent, solution-processable materials class for thin film and flexible electronics. This review surveys the size, composition, and surface chemistry-dependent properties of semiconductor NCs and thin films derived therefrom and provides physico-chemical insight into the recent leaps forward in the performance of NC field-effect transistors. Device design and fabrication methods are described that have enabled the demonstration and scaling up in complexity and area and scaling down in device size of flexible, colloidal nanocrystal integrated circuits. Finally, taking stock of the advances made in the science and engineering of NC systems, challenges and opportunities are presented to develop next-generation, colloidal NC electronic materials and devices, important to their potential in future computational and in Internet of Things applications.
Colloidal nanocrystals are dispersed in solvent forming "inks" for the solution-based fabrication of flexible nanocrystal electronics.
The emergence of high-mobility, colloidal semiconductor quantum dot (QD) solids has triggered fundamental studies that map the evolution from carrier hopping through localized quantum-confined states ...to band-like charge transport in delocalized and hybridized states of strongly coupled QD solids, in analogy with the construction of solids from atoms. Increased coupling in QD solids has led to record-breaking performance in QD devices, such as electronic transistors and circuitry, optoelectronic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices and photodetectors, and thermoelectric devices. Here, we review the advances in synthesis, assembly, ligand treatments and doping that have enabled high-mobility QD solids, as well as the experiments and theory that depict band-like transport in the QD solid state. We also present recent QD devices and discuss future prospects for QD materials and device design.
Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid perovskites are stoichiometric compounds consisting of alternating inorganic metal-halide sheets and organoammonium cationic layers. This materials class is widely ...tailorable in composition, structure, and dimensionality and is providing an intriguing playground for the solid-state chemistry and physics communities to uncover structure–property relationships. In this Perspective, we describe semiconducting 2D perovskites containing lead and tin halide inorganic frameworks. In these 2D perovskites, charges are typically confined to the inorganic framework because of strong quantum and dielectric confinement effects, and exciton binding energies are many times greater than kT at room temperature. We describe the role of the heavy atoms in the inorganic framework; the geometry and chemistry of organic cations; and the “softness” of the organic–inorganic lattice on the electronic structure and dynamics of electrons, excitons, and phonons that govern the physical properties of these materials.
Building devices from colloidal quantum dots Kagan, Cherie R.; Lifshitz, Efrat; Sargent, Edward H. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
08/2016, Letnik:
353, Številka:
6302
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The continued growth of mobile and interactive computing requires devices manufactured with low-cost processes, compatible with large-area and flexible form factors, and with additional ...functionality. We review recent advances in the design of electronic and optoelectronic devices that use colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). The properties of materials assembled of QDs may be tailored not only by the atomic composition but also by the size, shape, and surface functionalization of the individual QDs and by the communication among these QDs. The chemical and physical properties of QD surfaces and the interfaces in QD devices are of particular importance, and these enable the solution-based fabrication of low-cost, large-area, flexible, and functional devices. We discuss challenges that must be addressed in the move to solution-processed functional optoelectronic nanomaterials.
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor crystals with surface ligands that enable their dispersion in solvents. Quantum confinement effects facilitate wave function engineering to ...sculpt the spatial distribution of charge and spin states and thus the energy and dynamics of QD optical transitions. Colloidal QDs can be integrated in devices using solution-based assembly methods to position single QDs and to create ordered QD arrays. Here, we describe the synthesis, assembly, and photophysical properties of colloidal QDs that have captured scientific imagination and have been harnessed in optical applications. We focus especially on the current understanding of their quantum coherent effects and opportunities to exploit QDs as platforms for quantum information science. Freedom in QD design to isolate and control the quantum mechanical properties of charge, spin, and light presents various approaches to create systems with robust, addressable quantum states. We consider the attributes of QDs for optically addressable qubits in emerging quantum computation, sensing, simulation, and communication technologies, e.g., as robust sources of indistinguishable, single photons that can be integrated into photonic structures to amplify, direct, and tune their emission or as hosts for isolated, coherent spin states that can be coupled to light or to other spins in QD arrays.
Quantum and dielectric confinement effects in Ruddlesden-Popper 2D hybrid perovskites create excitons with a binding energy exceeding 150 meV. We exploit the large exciton binding energy to study ...exciton and carrier dynamics as well as electron–phonon coupling (EPC) in hybrid perovskites using absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. At temperatures <75 K, we resolve splitting of the excitonic absorption and PL into multiple regularly spaced resonances every 40–46 meV, consistent with EPC to phonons located on the organic cation. We also resolve resonances with a 14 meV spacing, in accord with coupling to phonons with mixed organic and inorganic character. These assignments are supported by density-functional theory calculations. Hot exciton PL and time-resolved PL measurements show that vibrational relaxation occurs on a picosecond time scale competitive with that for PL. At temperatures >75 K, excitonic absorption and PL exhibit homogeneous broadening. While absorption remains homogeneous, PL becomes inhomogeneous at temperatures <75K, which we speculate is caused by the formation and subsequent dynamics of a polaronic exciton.
Assembling metamolecules from anisotropic, shape-engineered nanocrystals provides the opportunity to orchestrate distinct optical responses one nanocrystal at a time. The Au nanorod has long been a ...structural archetype in plasmonics, but nanorod assemblies have largely been limited to end-to-end or side-to-side arrangements, accessing only a subset of potential metamolecule structures. Here, we employ triangular templates to direct the assembly of Au nanorods along the edges of an equilateral triangle. Using spatially resolved, dark-field scattering spectroscopy in concert with numerical simulation of individual metamolecules, we map the evolution in surface plasmon resonances as we add one, two, and three nanorods to construct triangular nanorod assemblies. The assemblies exhibit rotation- and polarization-dependent hybridized plasmon modes, which are sensitive to variations in nanorod size, position, and orientation that lead to geometrical symmetry breaking. The triangular arrangement of nanorods supports magnetic plasmon modes where electric fields are directed along the perimeter of the triangle, and the magnetic field intensity within the triangle’s open interior is enhanced. Circumferential displacements of the nanorods within the templates impart either a left- or right-handed sense of rotation to the structure, which generates a chiroptical response under unidirectional oblique illumination. Our results represent an important step in realizing and characterizing metamaterial assemblies with “open” structures utilizing anisotropic plasmonic building blocks, with implications for optical magnetic field enhancement and chiral plasmonics.
Arrays of subwavelength holes (nanoholes) in Au films were computationally designed, fabricated, and used as templates to localize and enhance the luminescence of upconversion nanophosphors ...(UCNPs)hexagonal phase NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Er3+. The dimensions of nanohole Au arrays were designed to accept only a single UCNP upon particle filling and with a periodicity to be resonant with the excitation wavelength of the upconversion. Frequency-dependent luminescence enhancements of up to 35-fold and a concomitant shortening of the UCNP luminescence rise time were observed, consistent with simulations of plasmonic enhancement of the UCNP absorption.
Synthetic methods produce libraries of colloidal nanocrystals with tunable physical properties by tailoring the nanocrystal size, shape, and composition. Here, we exploit colloidal nanocrystal ...diversity and design the materials, interfaces, and processes to construct all-nanocrystal electronic devices using solution-based processes. Metallic silver and semiconducting cadmium selenide nanocrystals are deposited to form high-conductivity and high-mobility thin-film electrodes and channel layers of field-effect transistors. Insulating aluminum oxide nanocrystals are assembled layer by layer with polyelectrolytes to form high—dielectric constant gate insulator layers for low-voltage device operation. Metallic indium nanocrystals are codispersed with silver nanocrystals to integrate an indium supply in the deposited electrodes that serves to passivate and dope the cadmium selenide nanocrystal channel layer. We fabricate all-nanocrystal field-effect transistors on flexible plastics with electron mobilities of 21.7 square centimeters per volt-second.
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