In a broad variety of bilaterian species the trunk central nervous system (CNS) derives from three primary rows of neuroblasts. The fates of these neural progenitor cells are determined in part by ...three conserved transcription factors: vnd/nkx2.2, ind/gsh and msh/msx in Drosophila melanogaster/vertebrates, which are expressed in corresponding non-overlapping patterns along the dorsal-ventral axis. While this conserved suite of "neural identity" gene expression strongly suggests a common ancestral origin for the patterning systems, it is unclear whether the original regulatory mechanisms establishing these patterns have been similarly conserved during evolution. In Drosophila, genetic evidence suggests that Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) act in a dosage-dependent fashion to repress expression of neural identity genes. BMPs also play a dose-dependent role in patterning the dorsal and lateral regions of the vertebrate CNS, however, the mechanism by which they achieve such patterning has not yet been clearly established. In this report, we examine the mechanisms by which BMPs act on cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) that control localized expression of the Drosophila msh and zebrafish (Danio rerio) msxB in the dorsal central nervous system (CNS). Our analysis suggests that BMPs act differently in these organisms to regulate similar patterns of gene expression in the neuroectoderm: repressing msh expression in Drosophila, while activating msxB expression in the zebrafish. These findings suggest that the mechanisms by which the BMP gradient patterns the dorsal neuroectoderm have reversed since the divergence of these two ancient lineages.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Skull bone mineral density (SK-BMD) provides a suitable trait for the discovery of key genes in bone biology, particularly to intramembranous ossification, not captured at other skeletal sites. We ...perform a genome-wide association meta-analysis (n ~ 43,800) of SK-BMD, identifying 59 loci, collectively explaining 12.5% of the trait variance. Association signals cluster within gene-sets involved in skeletal development and osteoporosis. Among the four novel loci (ZIC1, PRKAR1A, AZIN1/ATP6V1C1, GLRX3), there are factors implicated in intramembranous ossification and as we show, inherent to craniosynostosis processes. Functional follow-up in zebrafish confirms the importance of ZIC1 on cranial suture patterning. Likewise, we observe abnormal cranial bone initiation that culminates in ectopic sutures and reduced BMD in mosaic atp6v1c1 knockouts. Mosaic prkar1a knockouts present asymmetric bone growth and, conversely, elevated BMD. In light of this evidence linking SK-BMD loci to craniofacial abnormalities, our study provides new insight into the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of skeletal diseases.
Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is an X-linked disorder caused by EFNB1 mutations in which females are more severely affected than males. Severe male phenotypes are associated with mosaicism, ...supporting cellular interference for sex bias in this disease. Although many variants have been found in the coding region of EFNB1, only 2 pathogenic variants have been identified in the same nucleotide in 5′UTR, disrupting the stop codon of an upstream open reading frame (uORF). uORFs are known to be part of a wide range of post-transcriptional regulation processes, and just recently, their association with human diseases has come to light. In the present study, we analyzed EFNB1 in a female patient with typical features of CFNS. We identified a variant, located at c.-411, creating a new upstream ATG (uATG) in the 5′UTR of EFNB1, which is predicted to alter an existing uORF. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed significant reduction in protein translation, but no difference in the mRNA levels. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, the regulatory impact of uATG formation on EFNB1 levels and suggests that this should be the target region in molecular diagnosis of CFNS cases without pathogenic variants in the coding and splice sites regions of EFNB1.
Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is an X-linked disorder caused by
mutations in which females are more severely affected than males. Severe male phenotypes are associated with mosaicism, supporting ...cellular interference for sex bias in this disease. Although many variants have been found in the coding region of
, only 2 pathogenic variants have been identified in the same nucleotide in 5'UTR, disrupting the stop codon of an upstream open reading frame (uORF). uORFs are known to be part of a wide range of post-transcriptional regulation processes, and just recently, their association with human diseases has come to light. In the present study, we analyzed
in a female patient with typical features of CFNS. We identified a variant, located at c.-411, creating a new upstream ATG (uATG) in the 5'UTR of
which is predicted to alter an existing uORF. Dual-luciferase reporter assays showed significant reduction in protein translation, but no difference in the mRNA levels. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, the regulatory impact of uATG formation on EFNB1 levels and suggests that this should be the target region in molecular diagnosis of CFNS cases without pathogenic variants in the coding and splice sites regions of
.
A conclusão do seqüênciamento do genoma de múltiplos vertebrados trouxe um importante desafio para entender e predizer função, particularmente para seqüências não-codificantes, a partir de seqüências ...primarias de DNA. A hipótese de que a conservação evolutiva prediz seqüências funcionais é comumente aceita, inclusive para seqüências envolvidas na regulação da transcrição gênica, mesmo que a conservação de seqüências tenha gerado imperfeitas predições de enhancers (acentuadores) funcionais. O colágeno tipo XVIII é um componente da maioria das membranas basais; mutações no gene COL18A1 levam a síndrome de Knobloch, uma doença autossômica recessiva caracterizada por degeneração vitreoretiniana e macular e encefalocele occipital. O COL18A1 tem 43 exons que transcrevem três isoformas a partir de dois promotores diferentes. As três isoformas apresentam um complexo modelo de expressão tecido-específico, incluindo expressão em rim, pulmão, cérebro e retina. Os níveis de expressão do COL18A1 são considerados clinicamente importantes na vasculogenese, e em predisposição para o hepatocarcinoma e diabetes tipo 2. Dessa forma, a identificação de regiões regulatórias fornecerá indícios sobre a regulação da expressão do COL18A1 em estados normal e patogênico. Além disso, a endostatina e o FRZC18 são fragmentos proteolíticos do colágeno XVIII envolvidos na sinalização Wnt. No entanto, o papel in vivo do FRZC18 ainda não foi estudado. Uma profunda investigação do papel deste domínio na via de sinalização Wnt é indubitavelmente necessária, bem como a compreensão da regulação do COL18A1 pela via de Wnt. Empregamos um sistema eficiente de teste em zebrafish para analisar o potencial funcional de elementos enhancers na regulação transcricional do COL18A1. Identificamos quatro elementos enhancers que controlam a transcrição consistente com o COL18A1 endógeno de zebrafish, em tecidos incluindo retina, rim, vasos sanguíneos, intestino, cartilagem e fígado. Apesar dos algoritmos utilizados não tenham detectado conservação em seqüências não-codificantes de humanos à teleósteos no lócus do COL18A1 estudado, as seqüências humanas funcionaram apropriadamente em zebrafish transgênicos. Adicionais análises computacionais post hoc revelaram similaridade entre seqüência humana e de zebrafish dentro ou próximo das quatro regiões enhancers. Testamos funcionalmente o FRZC18 com superexpressão de seu RNAm em embriões de zebrafish. Este experimento resultou em embriões com fenótipos que assemelharam à mutantes da via não-canônica de Wnt (slb e ppt). Este resultado aponta o FRZC18 como um antagonista da via de sinalização não-canônica de Wnt, possivelmente por interação com Wnt11 e Wnt5. Dissecamos o promotor 1 do COL18A1, o qual mostrou características de genes housekeeping e similaridades com o promotor 2 do COL18A1. Também mostramos possível ligação de TCF/LEF aos promotores do COL18A1. A via de Wnt levou à redução de atividade dos promotores do COL18A1 e também redução dos níveis de expressão através de superexpressão de β-catenina. Este trabalho elucidou de forma geral, os elementos regulatórios em cis do COL18A1 e melhor caracterizou o seu papel na via de sinalização Wnt como um antagonista também da via não-canônica e como um alvo da via canônica.
The completion of multiple vertebrate genome sequences has presented an important challenge to understand and predict function from primary DNA sequence, particularly for noncoding sequence. It is commonly hypothesized that evolutionary conservation predicts functional DNA sequences, including those involved in regulating gene transcription, although sequence conservation has proven to be an imperfect predictor of enhancer function. Type XVIII collagen is a component of most basement membranes; mutations in the COL18A1 gene lead to Knobloch Syndrome, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by vitreoretinal and macular degeneration and occipital encephalocele. COL18A1 has 43 exons that transcribe three isoforms from two different promoters. The three isoforms display complex patterns of tissue-specific expression, including in kidney, lung, brain, and retina. Expression levels of COL18A1 are thought to be clinically important in vasculogenesis, and in predisposition to hepatocarcinoma and diabetes type 2. Therefore, identification of the regulatory regions will provide insight into normal and pathogenic regulation of COL18A1 expression. Furthermore, endostatin and FRZC18 are cleaved fragments from collagen XVIII that are involved in Wnt signaling, however in vivo role of FRZC18 has not been investigated yet in any model organism. Thus, a deeper investigation of FRZC18 role in Wnt signaling is indubitable necessary, as well as a comprehension of COL18A1 regulation by Wnt signaling. We have employed an efficient system of transgenesis in the zebrafish to functionally evaluate potential enhancer elements regulating COL18A1 transcription. We identified four enhancer elements that control transcription consistent with zebrafish endogenous COL18A1, in tissues including retina, kidney, blood vessels, gut, cartilage and liver. Although the algorithms we used did not detect noncoding conservation from human to teleosts at the COL18A1 locus, the human sequences functioned appropriately in zebrafish transgenics. Additional post hoc computational analysis revealed detectable sequence similarities between human and zebrafish in or near two of the four enhancer regions. We tested one of these zebrafish regions and confirmed orthologous enhancer activity. We functionally tested FRZC18 with its mRNA overexpression in zebrafish embryos. This experiment resulted in embryos with phenotype remaining slb and ppt, mutants of non-canonical wnt components. This result points FRZC18 as an antagonist of non-canonincal Wnt signaling possibly by interaction with Wnt11 and Wnt5. We dissected COL18A1 promoter 1 and it showed characteristics of a housekeeping gene and similarities with promoter 2 and we also showed possible TCF/LEF binding to COL18A1 promoters. Wnt signaling responded to downregulate promoter activity of COL18A1 and also decrease its expression by overexpression of s-catenin. This work broadly elucidated COL18A1 cis regulatory elements and better characterized its role in Wnt signaling as an antagonist of noncanonical and also as a target of canonial signaling.
Collagen XVIII can generate two fragments, NC11-728 containing a frizzled motif which possibly acts in Wnt signaling and Endostatin, which is cleaved from the NC1 and is a potent inhibitor of ...angiogenesis. Collagen XVIII and Wnt signaling have recently been associated with adipogenic differentiation and obesity in some animal models, but not in humans. In the present report, we have shown that COL18A1 expression increases during human adipogenic differentiation. We also tested if polymorphisms in the Frizzled (c.1136C>T; Thr379Met) and Endostatin (c.4349G>A; Asp1437Asn) regions contribute towards susceptibility to obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes (113 obese, BMI > or =30; 232 non-obese, BMI < 30) of European ancestry. No evidence of association was observed between the allele c.4349G>A and obesity, but we observed a significantly higher frequency of homozygotes c.1136TT in obese (19.5%) than in non-obese individuals (10.9%) P = 0.02; OR = 2.0 (95%CI: 1.07-3.73), suggesting that the allele c.1136T is associated to obesity in a recessive model. This genotype, after controlling for cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, was independently associated with obesity (P = 0.048), and increases the chance of obesity in 2.8 times. Therefore, our data suggest the involvement of collagen XVIII in human adipogenesis and susceptibility to obesity.
Type XVIII collagen is a component of basement membranes, and expressed prominently in the eye, blood vessels, liver, and the central nervous system. Homozygous mutations in COL18A1 lead to Knobloch ...Syndrome, characterized by ocular defects and occipital encephalocele. However, relatively little has been described on the role of type XVIII collagen in development, and nothing is known about the regulation of its tissue-specific expression pattern. We have used zebrafish transgenesis to identify and characterize cis-regulatory sequences controlling expression of the human gene. Candidate enhancers were selected from non-coding sequence associated with COL18A1 based on sequence conservation among mammals. Although these displayed no overt conservation with orthologous zebrafish sequences, four regions nonetheless acted as tissue-specific transcriptional enhancers in the zebrafish embryo, and together recapitulated the major aspects of col18a1 expression. Additional post-hoc computational analysis on positive enhancer sequences revealed alignments between mammalian and teleost sequences, which we hypothesize predict the corresponding zebrafish enhancers; for one of these, we demonstrate functional overlap with the orthologous human enhancer sequence. Our results provide important insight into the biological function and regulation of COL18A1, and point to additional sequences that may contribute to complex diseases involving COL18A1. More generally, we show that combining functional data with targeted analyses for phylogenetic conservation can reveal conserved cis-regulatory elements in the large number of cases where computational alignment alone falls short.
The completion of the human genome sequence, along with that of many other species, has highlighted the challenge of ascribing specific function to non coding sequences. One prominent function ...carried out by the non coding fraction of the genome is to regulate gene transcription; however, there are no effective methods to broadly predict cis-regulatory elements from primary DNA sequence. We have developed an efficient protocol to functionally evaluate potential cis-regulatory elements through zebrafish transgenesis. Our approach offers significant advantages over cell-culture based techniques for developmentally important genes, since it provides information on spatial and temporal gene regulation. Conversely, it is faster and less expensive than similar experiments in transgenic mice, and we routinely apply it to sequences isolated from the human genome. Here we demonstrate our approach to selecting elements for testing based on sequence conservation and our protocol for cloning sequences and microinjecting them into zebrafish embryos.
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