A 16-box model of the global ocean circulation is constructed to investigate the sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation to upper-ocean density perturbations. The model attempts to represent the ...main geographical components of the global ocean and is tuned to give a present-day circulation broadly compatible with observed volume fluxes. Extensive tests are made of the model's sensitivity to upper-ocean density perturbations, equivalent to a range of ±3 psu in salinity about the current climate. It is found that there are seven separate modes of thermohaline circulation that can occur within the model's constraints, as well as the possibility of significant variations in the strength of the current circulation mode. These modes are related to possible changes in surface forcing, such as the abrupt increase in freshwater from ice-sheet melting, where such a possibility exists. A mode with North Atlantic upwelling rather than deep- or bottom-water formation was found to occur with large additional inputs of freshwater to the northern Atlantic. These freshwater inputs needed to be equivalent to an instantaneously reduction of upper-ocean salinity by at least 1.8 psu. The model was unable to produce deep-water formation in the northern Pacific, although this may be a constraint of the model formulation. Bottom-water production was possible in the Indian and Pacific Oceans provided the surface density was much enhanced, beyond likely changes in evaporation and precipitation. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Until recently contributions to geriatric psychotherapy tended to be limited to the consideration of the special problems of the most debilitated of the elderly, neglecting the vigorous majority of ...aging persons. The reluctance of psychoanalysts to treat individuals past 45 or 50 years of age by classical technique may have impeded the application of psychodynamic principles to the psychotherapy of older people. Gradually, a number of analysts and dynamic therapists reported favorable responses of the middle aged and elderly to such treatment and established some of its technical parameters. In this paper, distinguishing characteristics of the aging and of the debilitated aged are examined in order to clarify the techniques of geriatric psychotherapy. Six case vignettes illustrate the treatment aims of structural change, reinstatement of optimum functioning, and basic support in these two categories and in an intermediate group of those experiencing an emotional crisis. The application of psycho-therapeutic principles (promotion of insight, adaptive intervention, general supportive methods) is described. Psychological management is compared with psychotherapy in the debilitated aged. Treatment of emotional crises in older persons is illustrated. A sample of patients treated by means of psychotherapy--aging, in crisis, or debilitated--is examined with regard to diagnoses, precipitating stresses, the aims of therapy, and the involvement of their families in the treatment.
Pĕsikta dĕ-Rab Kahăna Braude, William G; Kapstein, Israel J; Poupko, Yehiel E
2002
eBook
Long known only to scholars and specialists, Pesikta de-Rab Kahana is a masterpiece of midrashic literature. A collection of discourses for special Sabbaths and festival days compiled and organized ...during the fifth century, it was well known and studied from the end of that century until it disappeared sometime in the sixteenth century. From manuscripts discovered in 1868 and still others 100 years later, it was reborn. In 1975 JPS brought it to English readers through Braude and Kapstein's translation.
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