We determine the maximum lifetime image of 52 Fanaroff-Riley type II (FR II) radio sources found in 26 central group galaxies from cross- correlation of the Berlind SDSS group catalog with the VLA ...FIRST survey. Mock catalogs of FR II sources were produced to match the selection criteria of FIRST and the redshift distribution of our parent sample, while an analytical model was used to calculate source sizes and luminosities. The maximum lifetime of FR II sources was then determined via a comparison of the observed and model-projected length distributions. We estimate that the average FR II lifetime is image yr and the duty cycle is image yr. Degeneracies between image and the model parameters-jet power distribution, axial ratio, energy injection index, and ambient density-introduce at most a factor of 2 uncertainty in our lifetime estimate. In addition, we calculate the radio AGN fraction in central group galaxies as a function of several group and host galaxy properties. The lifetime of radio sources recorded here is consistent with the quasar lifetime, even though these FR IIs have substantially sub-Eddington accretion. These results suggest a fiducial time frame for energy injection from AGNs in feedback models. If the morphology of a given extended radio source is set by large-scale environment, while the lifetime is determined by the details of the accretion physics, this FR II lifetime is relevant for all extended radio sources.
•Diagnostic markers for malignant pleural effusions remain uncertain.•The MAPED score identifies malignant pleural effusions and complements cytology.•There is no additional risk to the patient or ...cost to the healthcare system.
Pleural effusions frequently signal disseminated cancer. Diagnostic markers of pleural malignancy at presentation that would assess cancer risk and would streamline diagnostic decisions remain unidentified.
A consecutive cohort of 323 patients with pleural effusion (PE) from different etiologies were recruited between 2013 and 2017 and was retrospectively analyzed. Data included history, chest X-ray, and blood/pleural fluid cell counts and biochemistry. Group comparison, receiver-operator characteristics, unsupervised hierarchical clustering, binary logistic regression, and random forests were used to develop the malignant pleural effusion detection (MAPED) score. MAPED was validated in an independent retrospective UK cohort (n = 238).
Five variables showed significant diagnostic power and were incorporated into the 5-point MAPED score. Age > 55 years, effusion size > 50% of the most affected lung field, pleural neutrophil count 〈 2,500/mm3, effusion protein 〉 3.5 g/dL, and effusion lactate dehydrogenase > 250 U/L, each scoring one point, predicted underlying cancer with the area under curve(AUC) = 0.819 (P < 10−15) in the derivation cohort. The integrated discrimination improvement of MAPED scores showed an increase compared to cytology (p <0.001). Decision curve analysis indicated that the MAPED score generated net clinical benefit. In the validation dataset, the AUC of MAPED scores was 0.723 ( P = 3 × 10−9) for the MAPED score. Interestingly, MAPED correctly identified 33/42(79%) of cytology-negative patients that indeed had cancer.
The MAPED score identifies malignant pleural effusions with satisfactory accuracy and can be used complementary to cytology to streamline diagnostic procedures.
Diagnostic markers for malignant pleural effusions remain uncertain. The MAPED score identifies malignant pleural effusions and complements cytology and confers no additional risk to the patient or cost to the healthcare system.
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This paper examines the geographic determinants of firm bankruptcy. We employ hazard rate models to study the bankruptcy risk of a firm, allowing for time-varying covariates. Based on a large sample ...from all geographic areas and the major sectors of the Swiss economy, we find the following main results: (1) Bankruptcy rates tend to be lower in the central municipalities of agglomerations; (2) bankruptcy rates are lower in regions with favorable business conditions (where corporate taxes and unemployment are low and public investment is high); (3) private taxes and public spending at the local level have little impact on bankruptcy rates.
Cells employ a variety of strategies to maintain proteome homeostasis. Beginning during protein biogenesis, the translation machinery and a number of molecular chaperones promote correct de novo ...folding of nascent proteins even before synthesis is complete. Another set of molecular chaperones helps to maintain proteins in their functional, native state. Polypeptides that are no longer needed or pose a threat to the cell, such as misfolded proteins and aggregates, are removed in an efficient and timely fashion by ATP-dependent proteases. In this review, we describe how applications of single-molecule manipulation methods, in particular optical tweezers, are shedding new light on the molecular mechanisms of quality control during the life cycles of proteins.
An analytical model for extragalactic radio sources with pressure-confined jets is presented. We show that the properties of the bow shock and of the gas surrounding these objects force the sources ...to grow in a self-similar way provided the density in the external atmosphere falls less steeply than 1/d2. Results from observations and numerical simulations are used to develop a self-consistent model for the large-scale structure of FRII objects. The jets in these sources are shown to be stable against turbulence for the observed properties of FRIIs and the divide between FRI and FRII objects in jet power is reproduced. The overall dynamics of a source are derived as a function of time and depend on the external density, the jet power and the scaleheight of the external atmosphere. Derived dynamical ages are consistent with observed spectral ages.
New digital technologies, the internet age, and ever-increasing customer expectations are changing industries worldwide. Companies in the apparel industry must digitally transform to remain ...competitive. Traditional approaches will no longer work in the face of change because digital transformation is inevitable, irreversible, enormously fast, and unfortunately marked by challenges in implementation and uncertainties in execution. However, it also brings many benefits for which it is worth striving for the complete digitization of the value chain. This research paper aims to clarify the benefits and challenges companies face in digital transformation. For this purpose, it shows a report on the current state of digitalization in the apparel industry. The article ends with an approach on the implementation of digitization in the apparel companies.
Oral vaccination of wildlife has shown to be a very effective management tool in rabies control. Evaluation of the genetic stability of vaccine viruses before distributing vaccine baits in the ...environment is essential because all available oral rabies vaccines, including the genetically engineered rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS (Rabitec), are based on replication-competent viruses. To evaluate the genetic stability of this vaccine strain, five serial passages of the Master Seed Virus (MSV) in the production cell line BHK21 Cl13 were performed. Furthermore, to test possible reversion to virulence, a back-passage study in suckling mouse brain (SMB) was performed. Subsequently, the pooled 5th SMB passage was inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) in adult and suckling mice. The full genome sequences of the isolated 5th passage, in vivo and in vitro, were compared at both the consensus and the quasispecies level with the MSV. Additionally, the full genome sequence of the 6th SMB passage from the individual animals was determined and compared. Full-length integration of the double glycoprotein and modified base substitutions at amino acid position 194 and 333 of the glycoprotein could be verified in all 5th and 6th passage samples. Overall, 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the 5th pooled SMB passage, 4 with frequency between 10 and 20%, and 7 with between 2.5 and 10%. SNPs that resulted in amino acid exchange were found in genes: N (one SNP), G (four SNPs), and L (three SNPs). However, none of these SNPs were associated with reversion to virulence since all adult mice inoculated i.c. with this material survived. In the individual samples of the 6th SMB passage 24 additional SNPs (>2.5%) were found, of which only 1 SNP (L-gene, position 6969) had a prevalence of >50% in 3 of 17 samples. The obtained results confirmed the stable expression of genetic modifications and the genetic stability of the consensus strain after serial in vivo and in vitro passaging.
The contribution of co-translational chaperone functions to protein folding is poorly understood. Ribosome-associated trigger factor (TF) is the first molecular chaperone encountered by nascent ...polypeptides in bacteria. Here we show, using fluorescence spectroscopy to monitor TF function and structural rearrangements in real time, that TF interacts with ribosomes and translating polypeptides in a dynamic reaction cycle. Ribosome binding stabilizes TF in an open, activated conformation. Activated TF departs from the ribosome after a mean residence time of approximately 10 s, but may remain associated with the elongating nascent chain for up to 35 s, allowing entry of a new TF molecule at the ribosome docking site. The duration of nascent-chain interaction correlates with the occurrence of hydrophobic motifs in translating polypeptides, reflecting a high aggregation propensity. These findings can explain how TF prevents misfolding events during translation and may provide a paradigm for the regulation of nucleotide-independent chaperones.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
KRAS mutations of lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) are associated with smoking but little is known on other exposure-oncogene associations. Hypothesizing that different inciting agents may cause ...different driver mutations, we aimed to identify distinct molecular pathways to LADC, applying two entirely different approaches. First, we examined clinicopathologic features and genomic signatures of environmental exposures in the large LADC Campbell data set. Second, we designed a molecular mechanistic risk model of LADC (M3LADC) that links environmental exposure to incidence risk by mathematically emulating the disease process. This model was applied to incidence data of Japanese atom-bomb survivors which contains information on radiation and smoking exposure. Grouping the clinical data by driver mutations revealed two main distinct molecular pathways to LADC: one unique to transmembrane receptor-mutant patients that displayed robust signatures of radiation exposure and one shared between submembrane transducer-mutant patients and patients with no evident driver mutation that carried the signature of smoking. Consistently, best fit of the incidence data was achieved with a M3LADC with two pathways: in one LADC risk increased with radiation exposure and in the other with cigarette consumption. We conclude there are two main molecular pathways to LADC associated with different environmental exposures. Future molecular measurements in lung cancer tissue of atom-bomb survivors may allow to further test quantitatively the M3LADC-predicted link of radiation to transmembrane receptor mutations. Moreover, the developed molecular mechanistic model showed that for low doses, as relevant e.g. for medical imaging, smokers have the same radiation risk compared with never smokers.
We developed the first mechanistic model for risk prediction of LADC stratified by molecular driver pathway. Radiation is mainly acting in the transmembrane receptor-mutant pathway, whereas smoking is acting in the transducer-mutant pathway with no interaction.
By combining a model for the evolution of the radio luminosity of an individual source with the radio luminosity function, we perform a multidimensional Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the ...cosmological evolution of the Fanaroff–Riley type II (FR II) radio galaxy population by generating large artificial samples. The properties of FR II sources are required to evolve with redshift in the artificial samples to fit the observations. Either the maximum jet age or the maximum density of the jet environment or both evolve with redshift. We also study the distribution of FR II source properties as a function of redshift. From currently available data we cannot constrain the shape of the distribution of environment density or age, but jet power is found to follow a power-law distribution with an exponent of approximately −2. This power-law slope does not change with redshift out to z= 0.6. We also find the distribution of the pressure in the lobes of FR II sources to evolve with redshift up to z∼ 1.2.
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