Most investigators believe that an effective HIV-1 vaccine will have to induce high levels of HIV-1 specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTL). The macaque SIV challenge/protection model system has been used ...to test candidate vaccines, but quantitative immunogenicity measurements are difficult due to technical limitations of the assays available. The quantification of SIV specific CTLp is crucial to understanding correlates of immunity for these vaccines, but are difficult to measure. We have compared various methods to quantify SIV specific CTLp, and describe a novel method of SIV specific CTL in vitro stimulation using the superantigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). SEB can stimulate high levels of CTLp in vitro, and provides an alternative method to induce SIV specific CTL.
How the cellular immune response copes with diverse antigenic competition is poorly understood. Responses of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were examined longitudinally in an individual ...coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). CTL responses to all 3 viruses were quantified by limiting dilution analysis and staining with HLA-A*0201 tetrameric complexes folded with HIV-1, EBV, and CMV peptides. A predominance of CMV-pp65-specific CTL was found, with a much lower frequency of CTL to HIV-1 Gag and Pol and to EBV-BMLF1 and LMP2. The high frequency of CMV-specific CTL, compared with HIV-1- and EBV-specific CTL, was confirmed in an additional 16 HLA-A*0201-positive virus-coinfected subjects. Therefore, the human immune system can mount CTL responses to multiple viral antigens simultaneously, albeit with different strengths.
This letter describes the heteroepitaxy of InP on Si by MOCVD. A new epitaxial structure with a thin GaAs intermediate layer (InP/GaAs/Si) is proposed to alleviate the large lattice mismatch (8.4%) ...between InP and Si. Using this structure, a 4-inch InP single crystal with a mirror-like surface and good thickness uniformity (Δ
d
/
d
=±10%) was obtained. Residual stress in the InP film was 5.7±10
8
dyn/ cm
2
for the InP/GaAs/Si structure, as compared to 8.3×10
8
dyn/cm
2
for the InP directly grown on Si. This shows that the GaAs intermediate layer is also effective in reducing the residual stress in the InP epilayer.
A new acylated flavonoid glycoside, named euryanoside (1), has been isolated together with known compounds, halleridone (4) and cornoside (5), from male flowers of Eurya japonica THUNB. (Theaceae). ...The structure of 1 has been established to be apigenin 5-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-(6"-O-acetyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside, based on lines of chemical and spectral evidence. In addition, the first identifications of 4 and 5 from the Theaceae are also reported.
A process for preparing a thermoplastic resin composition capable of giving delustered articles which comprises blending (A) 10-30 parts by weight of a graft-copolymer and (B) 90-70 parts by weight ...of a polymer, the total amount of the components (A) and (B) being 100 parts by weight is presented.
The number and distribution of intramembrane particles (IMPs) were examined on capped lymphocytes and control cells. Simultaneous movement of surface receptors and microvilli during ...ligand-independent (LI-) cap formation in a hypertonic medium made it possible not only to dis-tinguish between capped and non-capped cells in freeze-fractured specimens but also to detect the region where receptors had accumulated by referring only to their morphology. No accumulation of IMPs in the region of the cap was detected, and the distribution of IMPs was random for both capped and non-capped cells. However, the density of IMPs on the protoplasmic halves of cleaved membranes was slightly, but significantly, lower for capped cells than for non-capped cells, whereas that on the exoplasmic halves did not differ. These results suggest that the majority of IMPs are not composed of mobile receptors such as surface Ig, and surface receptors found as IMPs before cap formation might be changed by this event in the intercalated state into the lipid bilayer and, thus might not be detected as IMPs on cap forming cells.
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