A gas–liquid two-phase flow in a large diameter pipe exhibits a three-dimensional flow structure. The wire-mesh sensor (WMS) can acquire a quasi-three-dimensional void fraction distribution. ...Furthermore, the WMS can acquire a phasic-velocity distribution on the basis of the time lag of void signals between both sets of WMS. Previously, the acquired phasic velocity was one-dimensional distributions.
The authors propose a method to estimate the three-dimensional phasic-velocity distribution from the same WMS data. A three dimensional velocity vector was determined on the basis of cross-correlation analysis. The flow direction is determined by the WMS measuring-point combination, whereby the cross-correlation coefficient between both sets of WMS measuring points reveals the peak. In addition, the flow structure can be extracted by size on the basis of a wavelet analysis.
The proposed method was applied for two sets of 64×64 mesh sensors in an air–water flow in a vertical pipe with inner diameter of 224mm. The proposed method can successfully visualize a swirl flow structure where large and small bubbles tend to move respectively in inward and outward directions in turn.
Abstract This study describes a patient who experienced hepatobiliary Mycobacterium avium infection associated with neutralizing anti–interferon gamma (IFN-γ) autoantibodies during treatment for ...disseminated M. avium disease. Hepatobiliary M. avium infection should be considered in jaundiced patients with neutralizing anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies, including those receiving antimycobacterial therapy for disseminated M. avium disease.
A fast and highly controllable method of fabricating large films of photonic crystals of colloids is reported. A charge‐stabilized colloidal suspension was run in a flat capillary driven by a ...pressure‐regulated air pulse. The colloidal crystal texture formed in the capillary was a sensitive function of air pressure. Above a critical pressure, the entire capillary was filled with a uniform single‐domain texture whose transmittance spectrum showed a high quality as a photonic crystal, i.e., excellent opacity at a photonic bandgap and high transparency at other wavelengths. The present method is easily applicable to industrial processes for mass production.
A novel method of fabricating large films of photonic crystals of colloids is reported. A charge‐stabilized colloidal suspension is run in a flat capillary driven by a pressure‐regulated air pulse. Above a critical pressure, the capillary was filled with a single‐domain texture showing angle‐dependent diffraction colors and a distinct laser diffraction pattern (see Figure). This method is easily applicable to industrial processes.
We report the results of our studies on the selection of the quantum path in high-harmonic generation (HHG) with a relative-phase-locked two-color laser field. It is shown that by tuning the relative ...phase between fundamental and second-harmonic fields, The timing of tunnel ionization and subsequent electron trajectories on the sub-cycle time scale can be controlled. We have clearly observed a phase-dependent two-step feature in the harmonic spectra that can be attributed to the selection of two major trajectories in the two-color field HHG.
The pulse shape and phase of isolated attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulses with a duration of 860 asec have been determined simultaneously by using frequency-resolved optical gating based on ...two-photon above-threshold ionization with 28-eV photons in He. From the detailed characterization, we succeeded in shaping isolated XUV pulses on an attosecond time scale by precise dispersion control with Ar gas density or by changing the driving pulse width. These results offer a novel way to excite and observe an electron motion in atoms and molecules.
Depression is a remitting but recurring disease. However, there is a paucity of prospectively recorded data on the course of depression after recovery.
A multi-centre prospective serial follow-up ...study of an inception cohort of hitherto untreated unipolar major depression (N = 95) for 6 years. We report the time to recurrence after recovery from the index depressive episode and their predictors.
The cumulative probability of remaining well without subthreshold symptoms was 57% (95% CI, 46 to 68%) at 1 year, 47% (95% CI, 36 to 58%) at 2 years and 35% (95% CI, 23 to 47%) at 5 years. The same without full relapse was 79% (95% CI, 70 to 88%) at 1 year, 70% (95% CI, 60 to 80%) at 2 years and 58% (95% CI, 46 to 70%) at 5 years. The median duration of well-interval from the end of the index episode to the beginning of the subthreshold episode was 19-0 months (95% CI, 2-4 to 35-7), and that to the end of the full episode was over 6 years. Residual symptoms at time of recovery predicted earlier recurrence.
The median length of the well-interval was much longer than previously reported in studies employing similar definitions but dealing with a more severe spectrum of patients. However, the sobering fact remains that less than half of the patients can expect to remain virtually symptom-free for 2 years or more after recovery from the depressive episode.
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