Geomagnetism has recently attracted considerable attention for indoor localization due to its pervasiveness and independence from extra infrastructure. Its location signature has been observed to be ...temporally stable and spatially discernible for localization purposes. This survey examines and analyzes the recent challenges and advances in geomagnetism-based indoor localization using smartphones. We first study smartphone-based geomagnetism measurements. We then review recent efforts in database construction and computation reduction, followed by state-of-the-art schemes in localizing the target. For each category, we identify practical deployment challenges and compare related studies. Finally, we summarize future directions and provide a guideline for new researchers in this field.
WHO grade II gliomas are divided into three classes:
-wildtype,
-mutant and no 1p/19q codeletion, and
-mutant and 1p/19q-codeleted. Different molecular subtypes have been reported to have prognostic ...differences and different chemosensitivity. Our aim was to evaluate the predictive value of imaging phenotypes assessed with the Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images lexicon for molecular classification of lower grade gliomas.
MR imaging scans of 175 patients with lower grade gliomas with known
mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status were included (78 grade II and 97 grade III) in the discovery set. MR imaging features were reviewed by using Visually AcceSAble Rembrandt Images (VASARI); their associations with molecular markers were assessed. The predictive power of imaging features for
-wild type tumors was evaluated using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. We tested the model in a validation set (40 subjects).
Various imaging features were significantly different according to
mutation. Nonlobar location, larger proportion of enhancing tumors, multifocal/multicentric distribution, and poor definition of nonenhancing margins were independent predictors of an
wild type according to the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator. The areas under the curve for the prediction model were 0.859 and 0.778 in the discovery and validation sets, respectively. The
-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted group frequently had mixed/restricted diffusion characteristics and showed more pial invasion compared with the
-mutant, no codeletion group.
Preoperative MR imaging phenotypes are different according to the molecular markers of lower grade gliomas, and they may be helpful in predicting the
mutation status.
Background & Aims Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the most abundant microbial metabolites in the intestine, activate cells via G-protein−coupled receptors (GPRs), such as GPR41 and GPR43. We studied ...regulation of the immune response by SCFAs and their receptors in the intestines of mice. Methods Inflammatory responses were induced in GPR41 −/− , GPR43 −/− , and C57BL6 (control) mice by administration of ethanol; 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic-acid (TNBS); or infection with Citrobacter rodentium . We examined the effects of C rodentium infection on control mice fed SCFAs and/or given injections of antibodies that delay the immune response. We also studied the kinetics of cytokine and chemokine production, leukocyte recruitment, intestinal permeability, and T-cell responses. Primary colon epithelial cells were isolated from GPR41 −/− , GPR43 −/− , and control mice; signaling pathways regulated by SCFAs were identified using immunohistochemical, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry analyses. Results GPR41 −/− and GPR43 −/− mice had reduced inflammatory responses after administration of ethanol or TNBS compared with control mice, and had a slower immune response against C rodentium infection, clearing the bacteria more slowly. SCFAs activated intestinal epithelial cells to produce chemokines and cytokines in culture and mice after administration of ethanol, TNBS, or C rodentium . These processes required GPR41 and GPR43 and were required to recruit leukocytes and activate effector T cells in the intestine. GPR41 and GPR43 activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in epithelial cells to induce production of chemokines and cytokines during immune responses. Conclusions SCFAs activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells, leading to mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and rapid production of chemokines and cytokines. These pathways mediate protective immunity and tissue inflammation in mice.
Simulation-based battery design encounters the difficulty of high computational cost. This paper presents a systematic approach based on the artificial neural network to reduce the computational ...burden of battery design by several orders-of-magnitude. Two neural networks are constructed using the finite element simulation results from a thermo-electrochemical model. The first neural network serves as a classifier to predict whether a set of input variables is physically feasible. The second neural network yields specific energy and specific power. Both neural networks are validated using extra finite element simulations out of the training data. With a global sensitivity analysis using the neural network, we quantify the effect of input variables on specific energy and specific power by evaluating large combinations of input variables, which is computationally prohibitive for finite element simulations. Among all parameters, the applied C-rate has the largest influence on specific power, while the electrode thickness and porosity are the dominant factors affecting specific energy. Based on this finding, we generate a design map that fulfills the requirements of both specific energy and specific power. Inparticular, we highlight the value of neural network in handling the non-linear, complex and computationally expensive problem of battery design and optimization.
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•Neural networks are constructed using data from finite element simulations.•Neural network classifies design variables based on specific energy capability.•Neural network predicts battery performance with negligible computational cost.•Global sensitivity analysis is performed to identify key impact variables.•A design map is generated to satisfy both energy and power requirements.
The fumonisins producing fungi,
spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated ...profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are highly produced in the intestine and potentially regulate the immune system. We studied the function of SCFAs in the regulation of ...T-cell differentiation into effector and regulatory T cells. We report that SCFAs can directly promote T-cell differentiation into T cells producing interleukin-17 (IL-17), interferon-γ, and/or IL-10 depending on cytokine milieu. This effect of SCFAs on T cells is independent of GPR41 or GPR43, but dependent on direct histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor activity. Inhibition of HDACs in T cells by SCFAs increased the acetylation of p70 S6 kinase and phosphorylation rS6, regulating the mTOR pathway required for generation of Th17 (T helper type 17), Th1, and IL-10(+) T cells. Acetate (C2) administration enhanced the induction of Th1 and Th17 cells during Citrobacter rodentium infection, but decreased anti-CD3-induced inflammation in an IL-10-dependent manner. Our results indicate that SCFAs promote T-cell differentiation into both effector and regulatory T cells to promote either immunity or immune tolerance depending on immunological milieu.
Aflatoxins produced by the
Aspergillus
species are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and cause severe contamination to food sources, leading to serious health consequences. Contaminations by aflatoxins ...have been reported in food and feed, such as groundnuts, millet, sesame seeds, maize, wheat, rice, fig, spices and cocoa due to fungal infection during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Besides these food products, commercial products like peanut butter, cooking oil and cosmetics have also been reported to be contaminated by aflatoxins. Even a low concentration of aflatoxins is hazardous for human and livestock. The identification and quantification of aflatoxins in food and feed is a major challenge to guarantee food safety. Therefore, developing feasible, sensitive and robust analytical methods is paramount for the identification and quantification of aflatoxins present in low concentrations in food and feed. There are various chromatographic and sensor-based methods used for the detection of aflatoxins. The current review provides insight into the sources of contamination, occurrence, detection techniques, and masked mycotoxin, in addition to management strategies of aflatoxins to ensure food safety and security.
Of the different branches of indoor localization research, WiFi fingerprinting has drawn significant attention over the past decade. These localization systems function by comparing WiFi received ...signal strength indicator (RSSI) and a pre-established location-specific fingerprint map. However, due to the time-variant wireless signal strength, the RSSI fingerprint map needs to be calibrated periodically, incurring high labor and time costs. In addition, biased RSSI measurements across devices along with transmission power control techniques of WiFi routers further undermine the fidelity of existing fingerprint-based localization systems. To remedy these problems, we propose GradIent FingerprinTing (GIFT) which leverages a more stable RSSI gradient. GIFT first builds a gradient-based fingerprint map (Gmap) by comparing absolute RSSI values at nearby positions, and then runs an online extended particle filter (EPF) to localize the user/device. By incorporating Gmap, GIFT is more adaptive to the time-variant RSSI in indoor environments, thus effectively reducing the overhead of fingerprint map calibration. We implemented GIFT on Android smartphones and tablets, and conducted extensive experiments in a five-story campus building. GIFT is shown to achieve an 80 percentile accuracy of 5.6 m with dynamic WiFi signals.
Prediction of the
(IDH1)-mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status of World Health Organization grade ll gliomas preoperatively may assist in predicting prognosis and planning treatment strategies. Our ...aim was to characterize the histogram and texture analyses of apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy maps to determine
-mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status in World Health Organization grade II gliomas.
Ninety-three patients with World Health Organization grade II gliomas with known
mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status (18
wild-type, 45
mutant and no 1p/19q codeletion, 30
mutant and 1p/19q codeleted tumors) underwent DTI. ROIs were drawn on every section of the T2-weighted images and transferred to the ADC and the fractional anisotropy maps to derive volume-based data of the entire tumor. Histogram and texture analyses were correlated with the
-mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status. The predictive powers of imaging features for
wild-type tumors and 1p/19q-codeletion status in
-mutant subgroups were evaluated using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator.
Various histogram and texture parameters differed significantly according to
-mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status. The skewness and energy of ADC, 10th and 25th percentiles, and correlation of fractional anisotropy were independent predictors of an
wild-type in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. The area under the receiver operating curve for the prediction model was 0.853. The skewness and cluster shade of ADC, energy, and correlation of fractional anisotropy were independent predictors of a 1p/19q codeletion in
-mutant tumors in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. The area under the receiver operating curve was 0.807.
Whole-tumor histogram and texture features of the ADC and fractional anisotropy maps are useful for predicting the
-mutation and 1p/19q-codeletion status in World Health Organization grade II gliomas.
IP spoofing has often been exploited by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks to: 1)conceal flooding sources and dilute localities in flooding traffic, and 2)coax legitimate hosts into ...becoming reflectors, redirecting and amplifying flooding traffic. Thus, the ability to filter spoofed IP packets near victim servers is essential to their own protection and prevention of becoming involuntary DoS reflectors. Although an attacker can forge any field in the IP header, he cannot falsify the number of hops an IP packet takes to reach its destination. More importantly, since the hop-count values are diverse, an attacker cannot randomly spoof IP addresses while maintaining consistent hop-counts. On the other hand, an Internet server can easily infer the hop-count information from the Time-to-Live (TTL) field of the IP header. Using a mapping between IP addresses and their hop-counts, the server can distinguish spoofed IP packets from legitimate ones. Based on this observation, we present a novel filtering technique, called Hop-Count Filtering (HCF)-which builds an accurate IP-to-hop-count (IP2HC) mapping table-to detect and discard spoofed IP packets. HCF is easy to deploy, as it does not require any support from the underlying network. Through analysis using network measurement data, we show that HCF can identify close to 90% of spoofed IP packets, and then discard them with little collateral damage. We implement and evaluate HCF in the Linux kernel, demonstrating its effectiveness with experimental measurements
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