The control in the heteroatom doping is critical for surface and electronic properties, but chemistry is more complicated when two or more heteratoms are incorporated. Herein, we have demonstrated ...the co-doping of sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) atoms into the three-dimensional (3D) macroporous, activated graphene aerogel (SP-AG). The C–S and C–PO bondings as major functional groups are simultaneously incorporated into the surface of SP-AG. Despite the high loading of S and P of 5.8 and 4.6%, respectively, the 3D macroporous continuity is preserved. The specific capacitance of SP-AG is 438 F/g at 10 mV/s is much greater than 347, 313, and 240 F/g of S-AG, P-AG, and AG, respectively. Moreover, the SP-AG delivers a specific capacitance of 381 F/g as a scan rate is increased to 500 mV/s, indicating the capacitance retention of 87.2%. After 10000 charging/discharging cycles at current density of 1 A/g, the SP-AG shows a greater electrochemical stability than AG with the capacitance retention ratio of 93.4%, due to the synergistic effect of S and P co-doing and 3D architecture. This synergistic effect of composition and structure is further confirmed by the enhanced energy and power densities in organic and ionic liquid electrolytes.
Electrochemical sodium storage and capture are considered an attractive technology owing to the natural abundance, low cost, safety, and cleanness of sodium, and the higher efficiency of the ...electrochemical system compared to fossil‐fuel‐based counterparts. Considering that the sodium‐ion chemistry often largely deviates from the lithium‐based one despite the physical and chemical similarities, the architecture and chemical structure of electrode materials should be designed for highly efficient sodium storage and capture technologies. Here, the rational design in the structure and chemistry of carbon materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs), and capacitive deionization (CDI) applications is comprehensively reviewed. Types and features of carbon materials are classified into ordered and disordered carbons as well as nanodimensional and nanoporous carbons, covering the effect of synthesis parameters on the carbon structure and chemistry. The sodium storage mechanism and performance of these carbon materials are correlated with the key structural/chemical factors, including the interlayer spacing, crystallite size, porous characteristics, micro/nanostructure, morphology, surface chemistry, heteroatom incorporation, and hybridization. Finally, perspectives on current impediment and future research directions into the development of practical SIBs, SICs, and CDI are also provided.
The key aspects of designing the structure and chemistry of carbon materials are comprehensively reviewed for applications such as sodium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion capacitors, and capacitive deionization. The classification and features of carbon materials into graphitic and disordered carbons are described, as well as nanodimensional and nanoporous carbons, covering the correlation of structure and chemistry with electrochemical properties, and perspectives in electrochemical sodium‐ion storage and capture.
Owing to the earth‐abundant resources, cost effective materials and stable electrochemical properties, sodium‐ions batteries (SIBs) show long‐term potential in responding to the rapid consumption of ...lithium resources and the ever‐increasing development of new energy storage devices. Nevertheless, the intrinsic properties of the large ion radius (Na+ 1.02 Å vs Li+ 0.76 Å) and positive reduction potential (Na/Na+ −2.71 V vs Li/Li+ −3.04 V) may impede ion diffusion, thus causing serious volume expansion, resulting in poor cycling stability. To address these issues, the incorporation of active sites into carbonaceous anode is considered as an efficient strategy to enhance interfacial compatibility, enlarge interlayer distance, and supply reversible Faradic pseudo‐capacitance. Herein, the multiple active sites carbonaceous anodes for SIBs anode are comprehensively reviewed. Typically, carbonaceous materials are categorized into diffusion and surface controlled based on Na storage mechanism, and the concepts of intrinsic/extrinsic active sites are proposed according to the types of active sites. Furthermore, to reveal the reaction kinetics and guide the rational design of high performance anodes, the (spectro) electrochemical analysis methods and corresponding key parameters are introduced. Additionally, primary superiorities, essential issues, and supposed solutions of multiple active sites carbonaceous Na anodes are discussed and the future development directions are also proposed. This review may provide new design thoughts for high performance carbonaceous Na storage anodes.
The multiple active sites in carbonaceous Na storage anodes are categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic according to their origin, and further subdivided based on their reaction mechanism. Moreover, various electrochemical analysis methods and corresponding key parameters are introduced to deepen reaction mechanism and guide the rational design.
We explore the shape-dependent light scattering properties of silicon (Si) nanoblocks and their physical origin. These high-refractive-index nanostructures are easily fabricated using planar ...fabrication technologies and support strong, leaky-mode resonances that enable light manipulation beyond the optical diffraction limit. Dark-field microscopy and a numerical modal analysis show that the nanoblocks can be viewed as truncated Si waveguides, and the waveguide dispersion strongly controls the resonant properties. This explains why the lowest-order transverse magnetic (TM01) mode resonance can be widely tuned over the entire visible wavelength range depending on the nanoblock length, whereas the wavelength-scale TM11 mode resonance does not change greatly. For sufficiently short lengths, the TM01 and TM11 modes can be made to spectrally overlap, and a substantial scattering efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the scattering cross section to the physical cross section of the nanoblock, of ∼9.95, approaching the theoretical lowest-order single-channel scattering limit, is achievable. Control over the subwavelength-scale leaky-mode resonance allows Si nanoblocks to generate vivid structural color, manipulate forward and backward scattering, and act as excellent photonic artificial atoms for metasurfaces.
To investigate the factors associated with response to steroid treatment and recurrence in patients with IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (ROD).
Twenty-eight patients with biopsy-proven IgG4-ROD ...treated between March 2010 and January 2017 were included in this retrospective study. Clinical features, serum IgG4 levels, systemic involvement, treatments and treatment outcome, factors associated with response to treatment and recurrence were assessed.
Thirteen men and 15 women (mean age 50.8 years) were evaluated over mean follow-up period of 27.3 months. Elevated serum IgG4 levels (>1.35 g/L) and systemic disease were noted in 9 (32%) and 18 patients (64%), respectively. The lacrimal gland was involved in all patients, and 22 patients (78.6%) had bilateral involvement. Most patients (82%) responded well to systemic steroids, but 12 (43%) relapsed after the initial steroid treatment, requiring additional therapies to achieve remission. Complete response to initial steroid treatment was associated with elevated serum IgG4 levels before treatment (P=0.001) and bilateral orbital involvement (P=0.050). Recurrence was associated with elevated serum IgG4 levels before treatment (P=0.007), lower dose (P=0.057) and shorter duration of initial steroids (P=0.042). Patients with recurrence eventually required significantly more steroids than those without recurrence (P=0.011).
Patients with IgG4-ROD responded well to systemic steroid treatment, but recurrence was common, particularly among those with elevated serum IgG4 levels and shorter duration of initial steroid treatment. Low-dose maintenance treatment with systemic steroids should be considered to avoid recurrence in patients with elevated serum IgG4 levels.
The lack of association between serum testosterone levels and symptoms suggestive of hypogonadism is a significant barrier in the determination of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) in men. This study ...explored whether testosterone levels increase after morning awakening, likewise the cortisol awakening response (CAR) in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and whether testosterone levels during the post-awakening period are associated with age and symptoms suggestive of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) in men.
Testosterone and cortisol levels were determined in saliva samples collected immediately upon awakening and 30 and 60 min after awakening, and scores of the Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS) questionnaire were obtained from 225 healthy adult men.
A typical CAR (an increase in cortisol level ≥ 2.5 nmol/L above individual baseline) was observed in 155 participants (the subgroup exhibiting typical CAR). In the subgroup exhibiting CAR, testosterone levels sharply increased during the post-awakening period, showing a significant negative correlation with age, total AMS score, and the scores of 11 items on the somatic, psychological, and sexual AMS subscales. Of these items, three sexual items (AMS items #15-17) were correlated with age. Meanwhile, there was no notable increase in testosterone levels and no significant correlation of testosterone levels with age and AMS score in the subgroup exhibiting no typical CAR (
= 70).
The results indicate that the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis responds to morning awakening, and determining testosterone levels during the post-awakening period in men with typical CAR may be useful for assessing HPG axis function and LOH.
Purpose
To investigate the clinicopathologic features of lacrimal gland masses biopsied in a tertiary referral hospital in Korea.
Methods
Records from 95 Korean patients who underwent lacrimal gland ...mass biopsy were retrospectively reviewed. Data included demographics, clinical presentation, imaging findings, histopathologic diagnosis, and associated systemic disease.
Results
The median age was 52.0 years (range, 16–76 years), and 51 patients (53.7%) were female. Thirty-three patients (34.7%) had bilateral disease. The histopathologic diagnoses were as follows: chronic dacryoadenitis (52.6%,
n
= 50;29 non-specific and 21 immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD)), lymphoproliferative disease (25.5%,
n
= 24; 18 lymphoma and six lymphoid hyperplasia), benign epithelial tumour (13.7%, 13 pleomorphic adenoma), malignant epithelial tumour (3.2%, three adenoid cystic carcinoma), dacryops (3.2%,
n
= 3), solitary fibrous tumour (1.1%,
n
= 1), and xanthogranulomatous inflammation (1.1%,
n
= 1). Patients with chronic dacryoadenitis were significantly more likely to be younger (mean 47.5 years), have bilateral involvement (52.0%), and have a longer symptom period (mean 15.6 months) than those with lymphoproliferative disease (60.0 years, 25.0%, and 6.7 months, respectively;
p
< 0.05, each comparison). Patients with IgG4-related dacryoadenitis were significantly more likely to have bilateral involvement (85.7%) and have associated systemic involvement (52.4%) than those with non-specific dacryoadenitis (37.9 and 0%, respectively;
p
< 0.05, each comparison). Sixteen patients (16.8%) had associated systemic involvement: 11 with IgG4-RD and 5 with lymphoma.
Conclusions
Chronic dacryoadenitis and lymphoproliferative disease were the most common causes of lacrimal gland masses in our cohort. Younger patients with bilateral involvement and a longer symptom period were more likely to have chronic dacryoadenitis than lymphoproliferative disease. Associated systemic involvement was not rare in patients with IgG4-RD or lymphoma. Our results suggest that biopsy of chronic lacrimal gland masses should be performed for proper evaluation and management.
Multidimensional hierarchical architecturing is a promising chemical approach to provide unique characteristics synergistically integrated from individual nanostructured materials for energy storage ...applications. Herein, hierarchical complex hybrid architectures of CNT‐on‐OCNT‐Fe are reported, where iron oxide nanoparticles are encapsulated inside carbon nanotube (CNT) branches grown onto the ozone‐treated surface of 3D CNT internetworked porous structures. The activated surface of the 3D ozonated CNT (OCNT) interacts with the iron oxide nanoparticles, resulting in different chemical environments of inner and outer tubes and large surface area. The mixed phases of iron oxide nanoparticles are confined by full encapsulation inside the conductive nanotubes and act as catalysts to vertically grow the CNT branches. This unique hierarchical architecture allows CNT‐on‐OCNT‐Fe to achieve a reasonable capacity of >798 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1, with outstanding rate capability (≈72% capacity retention at rates from 50 to 1000 mA g−1) and cyclic stability (>98.3% capacity retention up to 200 cycles at 100 mA g−1 with a coulombic efficiency of >97%). The improved rate and cyclic capabilities are attributed to the hierarchical porosity of 3D OCNT internetworks, the shielding of CNT walls for encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles, and a proximate electronic pathway for the isolated nanoparticles.
Hierarchical complex hybrid architectures of carbon nanotube (CNT)‐on‐ozonated carbon nanotube (OCNT)‐Fe are constructed encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles inside CNT branches grown onto the ozone‐treated surface of 3D CNT internetworked porous structures for greatly improved rate and cyclic capabilities of lithium‐ion batteries.
The Korean Society of Nephrology (KSN) has maintained a nationwide end-stage renal disease (ESRD) registry data from Korean Renal Data System (KORDS) since 1985, as the representative registry of ...ESRD patients in Korea. This review is aimed to update the status of domestic ESRD and to provide evidence on the direction of dialysis therapy.
The KORDS Committee of KSN has collected data on dialysis centers and patients through an online registry program, and the data from 1986 to 2019 were analyzed.
The incidence and prevalence of ESRD patients in Korea are increasing. The ESRD population numbered more than 100,000 in 2019, doubling during the 10 years since 2010. The proportion of diabetes mellitus as a major cause of ESRD seems to have reached a plateau. The increasing number of elderly dialysis patients is a constant trend, with more than half for the proportion of patients older than 65 years old in 2019. All-cause mortality decreased for the last approximately 20 years, regardless of sex, age, and cause of ESRD. The 5-year patient survival rate in both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis increased from 2001 to 2013. Since 2013, the patient survival rates in peritoneal dialysis were similar to those in hemodialysis. Cardiovascular complications were the leading cause of death in ESRD patients.
The incidence and prevalence of Korean ESRD patients have increased over time, although patient survival has also steadily increased. The establishment of a surveillance method to address the major cause of mortality in ESRD patients will help improve outcomes.
Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) as a biosensor facilitates a process of data-acquisition through label-free and real-time monitoring. Direct quantification of a biomarker in serum is ...challenging in ISFET biosensor since charged proteins in serum interfere transduction to electrical signals. Here, we report the fabrication of protein blocking layers (PBLs) with intended interfacial charges to minimize non-specific protein bindings on ISFET. Use of charged protein precursors enables to regulate the interfacial charge of PBLs, preserving their intrinsic electric features (neutral: hemoglobin, positively charged: lysozyme, negatively charged: BSA). The effect of this interfacial charge on the signal was demonstrated through PSMA (prostate cancer biomarker) sensing using a dual-gate ISFET biosensor. The neutral PBL showed the minimum noise compared to the negatively and positively charged PBLs, enabling the ISFET to exhibit the same detection range in untreated serum as with pre- or post-treatment (1 fg/ml to 100 ng/ml). The introduction of neutral PBLs to ISFET biosensors would allow the application of the ISFET biosensor as a point-of-care device.
Display omitted
•The interfacial charge of the PBLs in the ISFET biosensor was regulated.•The neutral, positive, and negative PBLs were fabricated using charged protein precursors.•The surface charge effect of PBLs on the signals of dual-gate ISFET biosensor was investigated.•The introduction of the neutral PBLs enhanced the detection range in untreated serum.
PDF
