Different psychoactive factors including alcohol, coffee and tobacco, are considered as risk factors for bruxism. Often, heavy drinking and generous intake of coffee are correlated with smoking. ...Interactions between these agents may confound studies. The aim was to investigate the possible independent effects of drinking alcohol and coffee consumption on the occurrence of bruxism.
Data derived from the Finnish Twin Cohort study consisting of 12,502 twin individuals (45.6% men, 54.4% women, mean age 44 years) born during the 1930-1957. The twins responded to a questionnaire sent in 1990 (response rate of 77%) consisting of 103 multiple-choice questions, seven dealing with tobacco use, four on alcohol use, one about coffee consumption and two with bruxism.
Increasing alcohol intake raised the risk for weekly bruxism even when adjusted for smoking status heavy drinking odds ratio (OR) 1.9; 95% CI 1.23-2.84, binge drinking OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.28-2.12, and passing-out due to excessive alcohol intoxication at least twice within the previous year OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.09-2.18. The situation was similar to that for coffee consumption of more than eight cups per day (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.01-1.98). Interaction analyses for 'smoking with risk factors' revealed no statistically significant interactions. Current smoking was an independent risk factor for bruxism in all models (OR 2.3-2.7).
Given the observed associations between alcohol drinking, binge drinking, passing-out due to excessive alcohol intake and coffee consumption, the results support our hypothesis of an independent association of both alcohol use, and coffee consumption with bruxism.
The purpose of this study was to examine the motives for leisure‐time physical activity among active and inactive men and women in their mid‐30s. We used both cross‐sectional and longitudinal ...designs. Altogether, 2308 participants (mean age 33.9 years, 53.4% women) were identified from the population‐based FinnTwin16 Cohort. Physically active and inactive individuals were identified on the basis of their leisure‐time MET h/day. We evaluated participants' physical activity motivation with a modified version of the Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure. Comparisons between active and inactive individuals were analysed using the Wald test for equality of means, and effect sizes were calculated as Cohen's d. Motives related to mastery, physical fitness, social aspect of physical activity, psychological state, enjoyment, willingness to be fitter/look better than others, and appearance were significantly more important for the active than inactive participants. Conforming to others' expectations was the only item on which the inactive persons scored higher than active persons. The longitudinal results for physical activity were parallel to the cross‐sectional results. This study supports the view that motivation factors differ between active and inactive persons, and that intrinsic motives are associated with consistent leisure‐time physical activity.
Background
To conduct a comprehensive assessment of the association between aggression and academic performance in compulsory education.
Method
We studied aggression and academic performance in over ...27,000 individuals from four European twin cohorts participating in the ACTION consortium (Aggression in Children: Unraveling gene‐environment interplay to inform Treatment and InterventiON strategies). Individual level data on aggression at ages 7–16 were assessed by three instruments (Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) including parental, teacher and self‐reports. Academic performance was measured with teacher‐rated grade point averages (ages 12–14) or standardized test scores (ages 12–16). Random effect meta‐analytical correlations with academic performance were estimated for parental ratings (in all four cohorts) and self‐ratings (in three cohorts).
Results
All between‐family analyses indicated significant negative aggression–academic performance associations with correlations ranging from −.06 to −.33. Results were similar across different ages, instruments and raters and either with teacher‐rated grade point averages or standardized test scores as measures of academic performance. Meta‐analytical r’s were −.20 and −.23 for parental and self‐ratings, respectively. In within‐family analyses of all twin pairs, the negative aggression–academic performance associations were statistically significant in 14 out of 17 analyses (r = −.17 for parental‐ and r = −.16 for self‐ratings). Separate analyses in monozygotic (r = −.07 for parental and self‐ratings), same‐sex dizygotic (r’s = −.16 and −.17 for parental and self‐ratings) and opposite‐sex dizygotic (r’s = −.21 and −.19 for parental and self‐ratings) twin pairs suggested partial confounding by genetic effects.
Conclusions
There is a robust negative association between aggression and academic performance in compulsory education. Part of these associations were explained by shared genetic effects, but some evidence of a negative association between aggression and academic performance remained even in within‐family analyses of monozygotic twin pairs.
Does dieting make you fat? A twin study PIETILÄINEN, K. H; SAARNI, S. E; KAPRIO, J ...
International Journal of Obesity,
03/2012, Letnik:
36, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
To investigate whether the paradoxical weight gain associated with dieting is better related to genetic propensity to weight gain than to the weight loss episodes themselves.
Subjects included 4129 ...individual twins from the population-based FinnTwin16 study (90% of twins born in Finland 1975-1979). Weight and height were obtained from longitudinal surveys at 16, 17, 18 and 25 years, and number of lifetime intentional weight loss (IWL) episodes of more than 5 kg at 25 years.
IWLs predicted accelerated weight gain and risk of overweight. The odds of becoming overweight (body mass index (BMI)≥ 25 kg m(-2)) by 25 years were significantly greater in subjects with one (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6, and OR 2.7, 1.7-4.3 in males and females, respectively), or two or more (OR 2.0, 1.3-3.3, and OR 5.2, 3.2-8.6, in males and females, respectively), IWLs compared with subjects with no IWL. In MZ pairs discordant for IWL, co-twins with at least one IWL were 0.4 kg m(-2) (P=0.041) heavier at 25 years than their non-dieting co-twins (no differences in baseline BMIs). In DZ pairs, co-twins with IWLs gained progressively more weight than non-dieting co-twins (BMI difference 1.7 kg m(-2) at 16 years and 2.2 kg m(-2) at 25 years, P<0.001).
Our results suggest that frequent IWLs reflect susceptibility to weight gain, rendering dieters prone to future weight gain. The results from the MZ pairs discordant for IWLs suggest that dieting itself may induce a small subsequent weight gain, independent of genetic factors.
Background. Inability to maintain balance while standing increases risk of falls in older people. The present study assessed whether center of pressure (COP) movement measured with force platform ...technology predicts risk for falls among older people with no manifest deficiency in standing balance. Methods. Participants were 434 community-dwelling women, aged 63–76 years. COP was measured in six stances on a force platform. Following balance tests, participants reported their falls with 12 monthly calendars. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed from negative binomial regression models. For the analysis, those with ≥1 fall indoors were coded “indoor fallers,” those with ≥1 fall outdoors, but no indoor falls, were coded “outdoor fallers.” Outcome in the models was number of falls. Analyses were repeated including only participants without fall history prior to follow-up. Results. Among 198 fallers, there were 57 indoor and 132 outdoor fallers. The participants in the highest COP movement tertile, irrespective of the balance test, had a two- to fourfold risk for indoor falls compared to participants in the lowest COP tertile of the test. Inability to complete the tandem stance was also a significant predictor of the fall risk. The trend for increased risk for indoor falls was found also for participants in the highest COP movement tertile and without fall history. The COP movement in balance tests was not associated with outdoor falls. Conclusion. Force platform balance tests provide valid information of postural control that can be used to predict fall risk even among older people without apparent balance problems or fall history. When the force platform is not available, tandem stance provides a screening tool to show increased fall risk in community-dwelling older people.
Human aggression is a complex behaviour, the biological underpinnings of which remain poorly known. To gain insights into aggression biology, we studied relationships with aggression of 11 ...low-molecular-weight metabolites (amino acids, ketone bodies), processed using
H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We used a discovery sample of young adults and an independent adult replication sample. We studied 725 young adults from a population-based Finnish twin cohort born 1983-1987, with aggression levels rated in adolescence (ages 12, 14, 17) by multiple raters and blood plasma samples at age 22. Linear regression models specified metabolites as the response variable and aggression ratings as predictor variables, and included several potential confounders. All metabolites showed low correlations with aggression, with only one-3-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body produced during fasting-showing significant (negative) associations with aggression. Effect sizes for different raters were generally similar in magnitude, while teacher-rated (age 12) and self-rated (age 14) aggression were both significant predictors of 3-hydroxybutyrate in multi-rater models. In an independent replication sample of 960 adults from the Netherlands Twin Register, higher aggression (self-rated) was also related to lower levels of 3-hydroxybutyrate. These exploratory epidemiologic results warrant further studies on the role of ketone metabolism in aggression.
Little is known about the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa outside clinical settings. We report the incidence, prevalence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa using for the first time a nationwide study ...design.
To assess the incidence and natural course and outcomes of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa among women from the general population, women (n=2881) from the 1975-79 birth cohorts of Finnish twins were screened for lifetime eating disorders using a two-stage procedure consisting of a questionnaire screen and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Clinical recovery was defined as 1-year abstinence from bingeing and purging combined with a body mass index (BMI) 19 kg/m2.
The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV bulimia nervosa was 2.3%; 76% of the women suffered from its purging subtype and 24% from the non-purging subtype. The incidence rate of bulimia nervosa was 300/100000 person-years at the peak age of incidence, 16-20 years, and 150/100000 at 10-24 years. The 5-year clinical recovery rate was 55.0%. Less than a third of the cases had been detected by health-care professionals; detection did not influence outcome. After clinical recovery from bulimia nervosa, the mean levels of residual psychological symptoms gradually decreased over time but many women continued to experience significantly more body image problems and psychosomatic symptoms than never-ill women.
Few women with bulimia nervosa are recognized in health-care settings. Symptoms of bulimia are relatively long-standing, and recovery is gradual. Many clinically recovered women experience residual psychological symptoms after attaining abstinence from bingeing and purging.
Physical activity level and obesity are both partly determined by genes and childhood environment. To determine the associations between long-term leisure-time physical activity, weight gain and ...waist circumference and whether these are independent of genes and childhood effects.
The study design is a 30-year follow-up twin study in Finland. For this study, 146 twin pairs were comprehensively identified from the large Finnish Twin Cohort. These twin pairs were discordant for both intensity and volume of leisure physical activity in 1975 and 1981 and were healthy in 1981. At follow-up in 2005, both members of 89 pairs were alive and participated in a structured telephone interview. In the interview self-measured weight and waist circumference, and physical activity level for the whole follow-up were assessed. Paired tests were used in the statistical analyses.
Waist circumference at 30-year follow-up (2005) and change in weight from 1975 to 2005.
In the 42 twin pairs discordant for physical activity at all time points during the 30-year period, the mean weight gain from 1975 through 2005 was 5.4 kg (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-8.9) less in the active compared to inactive co-twins (paired t-test, P=0.003). In 2005, the mean waist circumference was 8.4 cm (95% CI 4.0-12.7) less in the active compared with inactive co-twins (P<0.001). These trends were similar for both monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Pairwise differences in weight gain and waist circumference were not seen in the 47 twin pairs, who were not consistently discordant for physical activity.
Persistent participation in leisure-time physical activity is associated with decreased rate of weight gain and with a smaller waist circumference to a clinically significant extent even after partially controlling for genetic liability and childhood environment.
F13A1/FXIII-A transglutaminase has been linked to adipogenesis in cells and to obesity in humans and mice, however, its role and associated molecular pathways in human acquired excess weight have not ...been explored.
We examined F13A1 expression and association to human weight gain in weight-discordant monozygotic twins (Heavy-Lean difference (ΔWeight, 16.8 kg ± 7.16 for n = 12). The twin pairs were examined for body composition (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), abdominal body fat distribution (by magnetic resonance imaging), liver fat content (by magnetic resonance spectroscopy), circulating adipocytokines, leptin and adiponectin, as well as serum lipids. Affymetrix full transcriptome mRNA analysis was performed from adipose tissue and adipocyte-enriched fractions from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue biopsies. F13A1 differential expression between the heavy and lean co-twins was examined and its correlation transcriptome changes between co-twins were performed.
F13A1 mRNA showed significant increase in adipose tissue (p < 0.0001) and an adipocyte-enriched fraction (p = 0.0012) of the heavier co-twin. F13A1 differential expression in adipose tissue (Heavy-Lean ΔF13A1) showed significant negative correlation with circulating adiponectin (p = 0.0195) and a positive correlation with ΔWeight (p = 0.034), ΔBodyFat (0.044) and ΔAdipocyte size (volume, p = 0.012;) in adipocyte-enriched fraction. A whole transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) on ΔF13A1 vs weight-correlated ΔTranscriptome identified 182 F13A1-associated genes (r > 0.7, p = 0.05) with functions in several biological pathways including cell stress, inflammatory response, activation of cells/leukocytes, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. F13A1 did not associate with liver fat accumulation.
F13A1 levels in adipose tissue increase with acquired excess weight and associate with pro-inflammatory, cell stress and tissue remodeling pathways. This supports its role in expansion and inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity.
To investigate which sociodemographic factors and behaviors are associated with breakfast skipping in adolescents and adults.
Five birth cohorts of adolescent twins and their parents received an ...extensive behavioral and medical self-report questionnaire that also assessed breakfast-eating frequency.
Finland, 1991-1995.
A population sample of 16-y-old girls and boys (n=5448) and their parents (n=4660).
Parental breakfast eating was the statistically most significant factor associated with adolescent breakfast eating. Smoking, infrequent exercise, a low education level at 16, female sex, frequent alcohol use, behavioral disinhibition, and high body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with adolescent breakfast skipping. In adults, smoking, infrequent exercise, low education level, male sex, higher BMI, and more frequent alcohol use were associated with breakfast skipping. In the adult sample, older individuals had breakfast more often than younger ones. Both adults and adolescents who frequently skipped breakfast were much more likely to exercise very little compared to those who skipped breakfast infrequently. Breakfast skipping was associated with low family socioeconomic status in adults and adolescent boys, but not in girls. Breakfast skipping clustered moderately with smoking, alcohol use, and sedentary lifestyle in both adults and adolescents.
Breakfast skipping is associated with health-compromising behaviors in adults and adolescents. Individuals and families who skip breakfast may benefit from preventive efforts that also address risk behaviors other than eating patterns.
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA08315), Academy of Finland (44069), European Union Fifth Framework Program (QLRT-1999-00916), Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation, and Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation.
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