In Schulbüchern spiegelt sich das Selbstverständnis von Gesellschaften wider: Durch sie ist der Werte-, Themen- und Literaturkanon rekonstruierbar, der zu einem gewissen Zeitpunkt in einer ...Gesellschaft dominant ist. Ab der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts werden durch Schrift und Schule auch nationale Identitätskonzepte konsolidiert. Diese Fallstudie zeigt für slowenische Schullesebücher, welchen großen Beitrag Übersetzungen dabei leisteten, zeichnet ihre Entstehungsumstände und die Leistungen der Beteiligten nach und richtet das Augenmerk auf die Verfestigung einer einheitlichen slowenischen Schriftsprache und einer nationalen Gruppenidentität, wie sie durch das Schullesebuch vorangetrieben und in diesem sichtbar wurde.
Als weit verbreitete Kurznachrichtenträger, die um 1900 visuelle und sprachliche Elemente auf neue Weise integrierten, haben Postkarten ein noch kaum erschlossenes Potenzial zur Erforschung ...mehrsprachiger Kommunikationsräume. Die Beiträger*innen des Bandes nutzen die Vielschichtigkeit dieses Alltagsmediums, um Bild- und Sprachspuren aus der mehrsprachigen Habsburger Monarchie freizulegen. Wie haben Postkarten den öffentlichen Raum visuell und sprachlich mitgestaltet? Wie die Selbst- und Fremdbilder der dort lebenden Menschen geformt? Und was erzählen die konkreten Gebrauchsformen von Postkarten über Austausch und Sprachpraxis? Die Postkarte ermöglicht einen erhellenden Blick »von unten« auf mehrsprachige Gesellschaften.
Abstract
The Austrian school reforms of the 1850s and 1860s, inspired by the mindset of the democratic and civic revolutions of 1848, turned a predominantly feudal and religious school system into a ...modern one and brought basic education to the masses. In the following decades, literacy increased, basic knowledge spread, and the overwhelming influence of the Catholic church in school matters diminished. Yet, as an “unintended consequence,” these reforms also had great implications for the process of building what turned out to be “the Slovene nation.” This article aims to illustrate that the formation of Slovene national identity—based on the use of the Slovene language as the main marker of Slovene ethnicity—was implemented to a large extent with the help of the Austrian school system and its efforts at centralization, systematization, and modernization. Measures like the creation of a school subject for the Slovene language, Slovene reading materials in school textbooks, and statistical categorization within school administrations played a crucial role in that process.
The second half of the nineteenth century is of crucial importance in Slovene history, as during this time, a sense of national consciousness began to be disseminated, literacy increased ...significantly, and different Slovene vernaculars were developed into a modern, supra-regional, standardized, and codified Slovene language. These developments were intertwined and enabled by general processes of modernization within the Habsburg Monarchy, under which the Slovenes had lived for centuries alongside speakers of other languages. At the same time, spurred on by the ideas of the liberal Revolution of 1848, a modern school system was first established within the monarchy. The demand for modern schoolbooks to be used within this system was a considerable challenge, especially for Slavic languages like Slovene, which were not yet fully developed. This task proved to be impossible without relying heavily on translations, and, starting in 1848, modern schoolbook production soon led to an increase in translation activity. This paper examines the historical circumstances surrounding the creation of Slovene schoolbooks between 1848 and 1918, the main agents in the field, the volume and the characteristics of translations included in schoolbooks, if and when they were marked as translations, translation strategies, and ideological steering through translations. It also examines the issues of whether and how the state, through the Ministry of Education, controlled or guided these translations activities while also controlling content within schoolbook production in general.
Razprava se ukvarja z antologijo "Slowenische Novellen", zbirko šestih noveleng ADIT znanih slovenskih avtorjev v nemškem prevodu. Zelo zanimiva je pri tem politična, kulturna in jezikovna situacija, ...saj je antologija izšla leta 1940 pri nacionalnosocialisitčni založbi Adolf Luser Verlag na Dunaju. Glavna vprašanja so, zakaj so te novele založili, kako so bile prevedene in od koga ter v katerih okoliščinah. Ali so se nacisti hoteli polastiti teh slovenskih pisateljev in jih predstaviti v smislu nacionalsocialistične ideologije à la Blut und Boden? Ali je šlo, ravno nasprotno za subverzivno dejanje prevajalca, da bi nacistom podtaknil "neprimerne slovenske avtorje"? Članek osvetljuje način in namen prevoda ter vlogo prevajalca pri tem.
Towards the end of the nineteenth century in the multilingual Habsburg Empire, language became an important – if not the most essential – ethnic marker in the construction of different national ...identities. In the linguistically mixed regions of the Empire, language was no longer perceived merely as a tool for communication that could be chosen pragmatically, depending on the social situations, and instead became an emblem of one’s national identity. However, how much is really known about how language was actually used in bilingual regions? By using the example of the bilingual Slovenian/German-speaking region of Lower Styria (Spodnja Štajerska/Untersteiermark), this paper suggests that picture postcards – a rich source available in large quantities – can help shed light on the visibility of language(s) in the public sphere, the social stratification and geographic distribution of languages, the language of formal and informal communication, as well as on the various forms of bilingualism and language contact. In short, the examination of picture postcards from the turn of the century, a medium close to everyday life, yields insights into the linguistic landscape of Lower Styria and paints a picture of a region characterised not only by national conflicts but also peaceful coexistence.
Solska berila nudijo dober vpogled v samodefiniranje druzb ter vrednote in teme, ki v njih v dolocenem obdobju prevladujejo. V habsburski monarhiji naj bi slovenska solska berila vzgajala mladino v ...pobozne katolicane in cesarju zveste drzavljane, skratka, v »dobre Slovence«. V teh berilih vsebovana besedila so bila v veliki meri prevodi, vendar je bil v nacionalno-emancipacijskem diskurzu njihov ociten doprinos k razvoju enotnega nacionalnega jezika doslej vecinoma prezrt, ceprav veliki napredek v oblikovanju enotnega slovenskega knjiznega jezika - bistvenega temelja za razvoj skupne narodne identitete - brez prevodov sploh ne bi bil mogoc. / School reading books provide a good insight into societies' self-definition and subject matters prevailing in them in a specific period. In the Habsburg Monarchy, Slovene reading books were supposed to raise the youth as devout Catholics and citizens loyal to the emperor, in short, as "good Slovenes". These readers contained mainly translations; however, their contribution to the development of a uniform national language has been up to now mostly overlooked in the national emancipatory discourse, even though without translations no considerable progress in the formation of a uniform Slovene literary language - an essential basis for the development of a common national identity - would have been possible in the first place.
Solska berila nudijo dober vpogled v samodefiniranje druzb ter vrednote in teme, ki v njih v dolocenem obdobju prevladujejo. V habsburski monarhiji naj bi slovenska solska berila vzgajala mladino v ...pobozne katolicane in cesarju zveste drzavljane, skratka, v »dobre Slovence«. V teh berilih vsebovana besedila so bila v veliki meri prevodi, vendar je bil v nacionalno-emancipacijskem diskurzu njihov ociten doprinos k razvoju enotnega nacionalnega jezika doslej vecinoma prezrt, ceprav veliki napredek v oblikovanju enotnega slovenskega knjiznega jezika - bistvenega temelja za razvoj skupne narodne identitete - brez prevodov sploh ne bi bil mogoc.//School reading books provide a good insight into societies' self-definition and subject matters prevailing in them in a specific period. In the Habsburg Monarchy, Slovene reading books were supposed to raise the youth as devout Catholics and citizens loyal to the emperor, in short, as "good Slovenes". These readers contained mainly translations; however, their contribution to the development of a uniform national language has been up to now mostly overlooked in the national emancipatory discourse, even though without translations no considerable progress in the formation of a uniform Slovene literary language - an essential basis for the development of a common national identity - would have been possible in the first place.
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