► Review to study anthelmitics. ► Physicochemical properties, fate in the environment and ecotoxicity. ► Environmental levels of anthelmintics. ► Overview of analytical methodologies and sample ...preparation.
There has been a great effort made in recent years to study the fate, the occurrence and the ecotoxicology of emerging pollutants in the environment, with a particular emphasis on pharmaceuticals. Anthelmintics comprise a large sector of the animal pharmaceutical industry.
This article examines analytical methodologies for the analysis of anthelmintics and their transformation products (TPs) in the environment. It also gives a critical overview of the current knowledge on the fate and the ecotoxicology of anthelmintics and their TPs, if known.
A rapid method for quantitative determination of atrazine and simazine in honey samples was investigated. The procedure was based on the extraction of pesticides by sonication with benzene:water
=
...1:1 (v/v) mixture, thin-layer chromatographic separation and quantification by CAMAG Video Documentation system in conjunction with the Reprostar 3. The extraction procedure was optimized with regard to the amount of solvent, duration of sonication and the number of extraction steps. The apparent recovery of pesticides from honey was 92.3
±
2.4 for atrazine and 94.2
±
2.8 for simazine, when they were extracted in three steps for 20
min using 20
ml of solvent. Ultrasonic solvent extraction was compared with traditional shake-flask extraction method.
Croatian Analytical Terminology Kastelan-Macan; M.
Kemija u industriji; časopis kemičara i tehnologa Jugoslavije,
04/2008, Letnik:
57, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Results of analytical research are necessary in all human activities. They are inevitable in making decisions in the environmental chemistry, agriculture, forestry, veterinary medicine, ...pharmaceutical industry, and biochemistry. Without analytical measurements the quality of materials and products cannot be assessed, so that analytical chemistry is an essential part of technical sciences and disciplines.The language of Croatian science, and analytical chemistry within it, was one of the goals of our predecessors. Due to the political situation, they did not succeed entirely, but for the scientists in independent Croatia this is a duty, because language is one of the most important features of the Croatian identity. The awareness of the need to introduce Croatian terminology was systematically developed in the second half of the 19th century, along with the founding of scientific societies and the wish of scientists to write their scientific works in Croatian, so that the results of their research may be applied in economy. Many authors of textbooks from the 19th and the first half of the 20th century contributed to Croatian analytical terminology (F. Rački, B. Šulek, P. Žulić, G. Pexidr, J. Domac, G. Janeček , F. Bubanović, V. Njegovan and others). M. DeŢelić published the first systematic chemical terminology in 1940, adjusted to the IUPAC recommendations. In the second half of 20th century textbooks in classic analytical chemistry were written by V. Marjanović-Krajovan, M. Gyiketta-Ogrizek, S. Žilić and others. I. Filipović wrote the General and Inorganic Chemistry textbook and the Laboratory Handbook (in collaboration with P. Sabioncello) and contributed greatly to establishing the terminology in instrumental analytical methods.The source of Croatian nomenclature in modern analytical chemistry today are translated textbooks by Skoog, West and Holler, as well as by Günnzler i Gremlich, and original textbooks by S. Turina, Z. Šoljić, I. Eškinja, M. Kaštelan-Macan, I. Piljac. Š. Cerjan-Stefanović and others translated Chromatographic nomenclature (IUPAC Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature). The related area is covered by books of V. Grdinić and F. Plavšić.During the project Croatian nomenclature of analytical chemistry there shall be an analysis of dictionaries, textbooks, handbooks, professional and scientific monographs and articles, official governmental and economic publications, regulations and instructions. The Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature is expected to have been translated and the translation mostly adjusted to the Croatian language standard. EUROLAB and EURACHEM documents related to quality assurance in analytical laboratories, especially in research and development have not yet been included in the Compendium, and due to the globalization of the information and service market, such documents need to be adjusted to the Croatian language standard in collaboration with consultants from the Institute for Croatian Language and Lingiustics. The terms shall be sorted according to the analytical process from sampling to final information.It is expected that the project's results shall be adopted by the Croatian scientific and professional community, so as to raise the awareness of the necessity of using Croatian terms in everyday professional communication and particularly in scientific and educational work. The Croatian language is rich enough for all analytical terms to be translated appropriately. This shall complete the work our predecessors began several times. We face a great challenge of contributing to the creation of the Croatian scientific terminology and believe we shall succeed.
The sorption of metal ions (Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+) and soil humic acids (HA) from aqueous solutions onto mineral particles (sand, calcite and clay) was investigated using a batch equilibrium system. ...The sorption reactions in two- component systems (heavy metals-mineral particles and humic acids- mineral particles), as well as interactions in three-component system (heavy metals-humic acids-mineral particles) were examined. Results showed that the presence of humic acids, dissolved or bound onto mineral surfaces, considerably influenced the fixation of heavy metals. The various effects, depending on mineral type, humic concentration and specific metal-ion, were observed in three- component system. Sorption of Cu2+-ions on all minerals studied rapidly increased as the concentration of dissolved HA increased. The amount of Pb2+-ions sorbed on sand slightly decreased, while on kaolin increased between 15 and 20%. Sorption of Zn2+-ions on all minerals studied decreased at pH 4. At pH 5.5 the sorption of Zn2+-ions onto calcite decreased, while on kaolin and sand increased as a function of the humic acid concentration giving the curve with maximum at c(HA) = 2.5 mmol C L-1. At pH 6.5 sorption onto kaolin and sand increased. This effect occurs as a result of the conditional stability constant of Zn-HA complexes increasing at higher pH which in turn promotes the chelation of Zn2+-ions to mineral- bound humic substances. The enhanced sorption of metal ions from the aqueous phase in three-component systems is not only the result of mineral sorption of free metals but also the result of chelation with HA sorbed on the mineral surface.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
In this last part of our attempt to present briefly the history of Croatian chemistry in the 20th century, the development of chemistry in the Republic of Croatia, established as an independent state ...on June 25th, 1991 is outlined. The last 10 years of the 20th century are characterized first by defense of the country by arms until 1995, and then until the end of century, and after the constructive building of the foundations of Croatia. In these turbulent times, scientists could not be just bystanders. Thus, some went to defend the country by arms and others (perhaps older) kept informing colleagues all around the globe about our defense of the homeland. This was the reason why scientific research in Croatia showed very limited results. This article briefly describes research in chemistry at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, the Rugjer Bošković Institute, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agronomy and Faculty of Forestry. This article logically follows our previous two articles on the history of Croatian chemistry in 20th century: N. Trinajstić, S. Paušek-Baždar, Croatian Chemistry in the 20th Century. I. From the turn of the Century to May 8th , 1945 (Kem. Ind. 56 (2007) 403–416) and N. Trinajstić, M. Kaštelan-Macan, S. Paušek-Baždar, H. Vančik, Croatian Chemistry in the 20th Century. II. From the Colapse of the Independent State of Croatia to the Establishmernt of the Republic of Croatia, (Kem. Ind. 58 (2009) 315–336). It is also related to our article on the history of Croatian chemistry in 19th century: S. Paušek-Baždar, N. Trinajstić, Croatian Chemistry in the 19th Century (Kem. Ind. 55 (2006) 333–339) and our survey of the Croatian chemical journals: N. Trinajstić, N. Raos, S. Paušek-Baždar, D. Škare, Croatian Chemistry in 20th Century. IV. Croatian Chemical Journals (Kem. Ind. 57 (2008) 447–448).
Hrvatsko nazivlje u analitičkoj kemiji Kaštelan-Macan, M
Kemija u industriji; časopis kemičara i tehnologa Jugoslavije,
04/2008, Letnik:
57, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
U radu je prikazan povijesni razvoj prirodoslovnoga nazivlja s naglaskom na nazivlje u analitičkoj kemiji te današnje stanje i nastojanja da se to nazivlje ujednači i normira u skladu s hrvatskom ...jezičnom normom. Konačni cilj znanstvenoga projekta Hrvatsko nazivlje u analitičkoj kemiji, koji Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa podupire unutar znanstvenoga programa Hrvatska standardnojezična leksikologija i leksikografija jest izraditi cjeloviti enciklopedijski rječnik hrvatskoga analitičkoga nazivlja.
Ultrasonic solvent extraction of the pesticides atrazine, propham, chlorpropham, diflubenzuron, α-cypermethrin and tetramethrin from soil is reported. The extraction procedure was optimized with ...regard to the amount of solvent, the duration of sonication and the number of extraction steps. Ultrasonic solvent extraction was compared with traditional extraction methods, shake-flask and Soxhlet extraction. The recovery of pesticides was determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography on RP-18 plates. Ultrasonic extraction using acetone showed satisfactory extraction efficiencies combined with simplicity of use and low solvent consumption.
In the valley of the Neretva river the use of pesticides is widespread and occasionally uncontrolled. In view of the resulting ecological and health problems, ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) ...followed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was applied in order to quantify the pesticides present in the soil. Quantification was performed by means of a 3 Charge Coupled Device (CCD) color video camera. The experiments were conducted on two previously characterised soil types. Chemical analysis showed that soil 1 contained much more iron and aluminium oxides than soil 2, which was rich in humic substances. Recovery of atrazine and fenarimol from soil 1 was 99.9 +- 2.9 and 94.3 +- 1.9% and from soil 2 91.0 +- 2.1 and 89.6 +- 4.2%, respectively
Nella valle del fiume Neretva l´impiego degli antiparassitari è ampiamente diffuso e a volte non controllato. In vista dei problemi ecologici e sanitari risultanti, è stata applicata la estrazione ultrasonica in solvente (USE) seguita dalla cromatografia su strato sottile (TLC) allo scopo di quantificare gli antiparassitari presenti nel terreno. La determinazione quantitativa è stata realizzata per mezzo di una videocamera a colori munita di una 3 Charge Coupled Device (CCD). L´analisi chimica ha dimostrato che il terreno 1 conteneva molti più ossidi di ferro e alluminio rispetto al terreno 2, che era ricco in sostanze umiche. Il ritrovamento dell´atrazina e del fenarimol dal terreno 1 era pari al 99,9 +- 2,9 e 94,3 +- 1,9% e dal terreno 2 91,0 +- 2,1 e 89,6 +-4,2%, rispettivamente.
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