Data converters are required to interface digital processing engines, for example FPGAs, to the real world. Data conversion is typically accomplished using discrete devices that are interfaced to the ...FPGA using various IO standards. However, exponential growth in bandwidth as a result of increasing channel count and higher sample rate means this IO interface is becoming a limiting factor in the system budget with respect to interconnect complexity and associated power. The integration of flexible data converters with FPGA eliminates this IO cost and also offers a dynamically scalable, power efficient platform solution that addresses diverse application needs. In this paper, we demonstrate an aggregate bandwidth in excess of 400Gb/s using sixteen 16b DAC instances running at 1.6GS/s with an FPGA-to-die interface power of 0.3mW/Gb/s. We introduce a reconfigurable receive system that allows channel count to trade with system sample rate. Specifically, we demonstrate a 500MS/s ADC by interleaving four 125MS/s units.
Executive SummaryTo achieve higher renewable energy (RE) shares than the low levels typically found in present energy supply systems will require additional integration efforts starting now and ...continuing over the longer term. These include improved understanding of the RE resource characteristics and availability, investments in enabling infrastructure and research, development and demonstrations (RD&D), modifications to institutional and governance frameworks, innovative thinking, attention to social aspects, markets and planning, and capacity building in anticipation of RE growth.In many countries, sufficient RE resources are available for system integration to meet a major share of energy demands, either by direct input to end-use sectors or indirectly through present and future energy supply systems and energy carriers, whether for large or small communities in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) or non-OECD countries. At the same time, the characteristics of many RE resources that distinguish them from fossil fuels and nuclear systems include their natural unpredictability and variability over time scales ranging from seconds to years. These can constrain the ease of integration and result in additional system costs, particularly when reaching higher RE shares of electricity, heat or gaseous and liquid fuels.Existing energy infrastructure, markets and other institutional arrangements may need adapting, but there are few, if any, technical limits to the planned system integration of RE technologies across the very broad range of present energy supply systems worldwide, though other barriers (e.g., economic barriers) may exist. Improved overall system efficiency and higher RE shares can be achieved by the increased integration of a portfolio of RE resources and technologies.
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