A novel surface modification technique for grafting alkyl methacrylate monomers from commercial poly(ether sulfone) (PES) nanofiltration membranes is developed through a combination of helium and ...oxygen atmospheric pressure plasma treatment followed by Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer (ARGET) Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). The resulting membrane surfaces show degree of grafting increases of 28%, 94%, and 270% for methyl methacrylate (C1), hexyl methacrylate (C6), and stearyl methacrylate (C18), respectively, when characterized with Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) show a rippled, fibrous morphology for the PES membranes grafted with C18 and reinforced through molecular dynamics simulations. AFM of the PES membranes grafted with C18 show an increase of ~ 23% in root-mean square (RMS) roughness as well as 4x higher adhesion force when probed with a hydrophobic gold cantilever tip when compared with the unmodified PES membranes, confirming a successful surface grafting reaction and increase in surface hydrophobicity, respectively. This technique allows enhanced synthesis of polymer grafted membranes using relatively green reaction solvent and enables “structure-by-design” surface morphology control with future applications in membrane separation processes such as organic solvent nanofiltration, gas separations, and desalination.
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•Implemented a novel grafting method from PES membrane surface.•Increased the degree of grafting by 28%, 94%, and 270% for three monomers.•Measured 4 nN adhesion force between gold AFM tip and hydrophobic grafted membrane.•Investigated the reaction kinetics of polymer brush grafting.•MD simulations of polymer brush corroborate experimental observations.
Abstract
Line-intensity mapping observations will find fluctuations of integrated line emission are attenuated by varying degrees at small scales due to the width of the line emission profiles. This ...attenuation may significantly impact estimates of astrophysical or cosmological quantities derived from measurements. We consider a theoretical treatment of the effect of line broadening on both the clustering and shot-noise components of the power spectrum of a generic line-intensity power spectrum using a halo model. We then consider possible simplifications to allow easier application in analysis, particularly in the context of inferences that require numerous, repeated, fast computations of model line-intensity signals across a large parameter space. For the CO Mapping Array Project and the CO(1–0) line-intensity field at
z
∼ 3 serving as our primary case study, we expect a ∼10% attenuation of the spherically averaged power spectrum on average at relevant scales of
k
≈ 0.2–0.3 Mpc
−1
compared to ∼25% for the interferometric Millimetre-wave Intensity Mapping Experiment targeting shot noise from CO lines at
z
∼ 1–5 at scales of
k
≳ 1 Mpc
−1
. We also consider the nature and amplitude of errors introduced by simplified treatments of line broadening and find that while an approximation using a single effective velocity scale is sufficient for spherically averaged power spectra, a more careful treatment is necessary when considering other statistics such as higher multipoles of the anisotropic power spectrum or the voxel intensity distribution.
Nonresponse and relapse after CD19-chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy continue to challenge survival outcomes. Phase II landmark data from the ELIANA trial demonstrated nonresponse and ...relapse rates of 14.5% and 28%, respectively, whereas use in the real-world setting showed nonresponse and relapse rates of 15% and 37%. Outcome analyses describing fate after post-CAR nonresponse and relapse remain limited. Here, we aim to establish survival outcomes after nonresponse and both CD19+ and CD19- relapses and explore treatment variables associated with inferior survival.
We conducted a retrospective multi-institutional study of 80 children and young adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia experiencing nonresponse (n = 23) or relapse (n = 57) after tisagenlecleucel. We analyze associations between baseline characteristics and these outcomes and establish survival rates and salvage approaches.
The overall survival (OS) at 12 months was 19% across nonresponders (n = 23; 95% CI, 7 to 50). Ninety-five percent of patients with nonresponse had high preinfusion disease burden. Among 156 morphologic responders, the cumulative incidence of relapse was 37% (95% CI, 30 to 47) at 12 months (CD19+; 21% 15 to 29, CD19-; 16% 11 to 24, median follow-up; 380 days). Across 57 patients experiencing relapse, the OS was 52% (95% CI, 38 to 71) at 12 months after time of relapse. Notably, CD19- relapse was associated with significantly decreased OS as compared with patients who relapsed with conserved CD19 expression (CD19- 12-month OS; 30% 14 to 66, CD19+ 12-month OS; 68% 49 to 92,
= .0068). Inotuzumab, CAR reinfusion, and chemotherapy were used as postrelapse salvage therapy with greatest frequency, yet high variability in treatment sequencing and responses limits efficacy analysis across salvage approaches.
We describe poor survival across patients experiencing nonresponse to tisagenlecleucel. In the post-tisagenlecleucel relapse setting, patients can be salvaged; however, CD19- relapse is distinctly associated with decreased survival outcomes.
Line-intensity mapping is an emerging field of observational work, with strong potential to fit into a larger effort to probe large-scale structure and small-scale astrophysical phenomena using ...multiple complementary tracers. Taking full advantage of such complementarity means, in part, undertaking line-intensity surveys with galaxy surveys in mind. We consider the potential for detection of a cross-correlation signal between COMAP and blind surveys based on photometric redshifts (as in COSMOS) or based on spectroscopic data (as with the HETDEX survey of Ly emitters). We find that obtaining accuracy in redshifts and 10−4 sources per Mpc3 with spectroscopic redshift determination should enable a CO-galaxy cross spectrum detection significance at least twice that of the CO auto spectrum. Either a future targeted spectroscopic survey or a blind survey like HETDEX may be able to meet both of these requirements.
A phase III trial to compare PIXY321 with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) following high-dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) was conducted to evaluate ...the time to hematopoietic recovery.
One hundred seventy-seven patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) receiving ABMT were randomized to receive either PIXY321 750 micrograms/m2/d divided into two subcutaneous (SC) doses or GM-CSF 250 micrograms/m2/d as a 2-hour intravenous (IV) infusion starting on day 0 post-ABMT for a maximum of 28 days.
The median time to reach an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) > or = 500/microL in the PIXY321 group was 17 days versus 19 days in the GM-CSF group (P = .07) and the median time to reach platelet transfusion independence in the PIXY321 group was 25 days versus 23 days in the GM-CSF group (P = .30). The toxicity profiles of the two agents appeared to be equivalent with the exception of more patients in the PIXY321 group with a rash (64%) compared with the GM-CSF group (48%) (P = .028). A logistic regression model identified the use of a non-total-body irradiation (TBI) regimen and/or receipt of unpurged marrow and a body-surface area greater than 2.0 m2 as predictive of faster neutrophil engraftment, and those three factors, as well as the receipt of < or = two prior chemotherapy regimens as predictive for rapid platelet engraftment.
There was a trend toward a slight improvement in neutrophil engraftment post-ABMT with the PIXY321 administered by an SC route compared with GM-CSF administered by an IV route. However, no differences could be identified between the two agents with respect to the time to platelet transfusion independence. Patient, regimen, and graft characteristics were most predictive of the engraftment tempo.
Abstract We present a new upper limit on the cosmic molecular gas density at z = 2.4–3.4 obtained using the first year of observations from the CO Mapping Array Project (COMAP). COMAP data cubes are ...stacked on the 3D positions of 243 quasars selected from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) catalog, yielding a 95% upper limit for flux from CO(1–0) line emission of 0.129 Jy km s −1 . Depending on the balance of the emission between the quasar host and its environment, this value can be interpreted as an average CO line luminosity L CO ′ of eBOSS quasars of ≤1.26 × 10 11 K km pc 2 s −1 , or an average molecular gas density ρ H 2 in regions of the Universe containing a quasar of ≤1.52 × 10 8 M ⊙ cMpc −3 . The L CO ′ upper limit falls among CO line luminosities obtained from individually targeted quasars in the COMAP redshift range, and the ρ H 2 value is comparable to upper limits obtained from other line intensity mapping (LIM) surveys and their joint analyses. Further, we forecast the values obtainable with the COMAP/eBOSS stack after the full 5 yr COMAP Pathfinder survey. We predict that a detection is probable with this method, depending on the CO properties of the quasar sample. Based on the achieved sensitivity, we believe that this technique of stacking LIM data on the positions of traditional galaxy or quasar catalogs is extremely promising, both as a technique for investigating large galaxy catalogs efficiently at high redshift and as a technique for bolstering the sensitivity of LIM experiments, even with a fraction of their total expected survey data.
General agreement does not exist about what information must be included in a case research paper. There are no established conventions for addressing the basic question: What has been learned about ...management from the case study? A framework is presented that: 1. captures the diversity of research of research scope covered in management accounting case studies, and 2. provides a straightforward framework for "taking stock" of those aspects of theoretical contribution that researchers have or have not addressed in their research. What one should expect to learn from individual case studies will vary with the theoretical objectives of each study. Thus, the framework uses stage of theory development as the criterion for classifying case studies. Within each stage of theory development, typical objectives and research outputs are identified.
Abstract
We present the current state of models for the
z
∼ 3 carbon monoxide (CO) line intensity signal targeted by the CO Mapping Array Project (COMAP) Pathfinder in the context of its early ...science results. Our fiducial model, relating dark matter halo properties to CO luminosities, informs parameter priors with empirical models of the galaxy–halo connection and previous CO (1–0) observations. The Pathfinder early science data spanning wavenumbers
k
= 0.051–0.62 Mpc
−1
represent the first direct 3D constraint on the clustering component of the CO (1–0) power spectrum. Our 95% upper limit on the redshift-space clustering amplitude
A
clust
≲ 70
μ
K
2
greatly improves on the indirect upper limit of 420
μ
K
2
reported from the CO Power Spectrum Survey (COPSS) measurement at
k
∼ 1 Mpc
−1
. The COMAP limit excludes a subset of models from previous literature and constrains interpretation of the COPSS results, demonstrating the complementary nature of COMAP and interferometric CO surveys. Using line bias expectations from our priors, we also constrain the squared mean line intensity–bias product,
Tb
2
≲ 50
μ
K
2
, and the cosmic molecular gas density,
ρ
H2
< 2.5 × 10
8
M
⊙
Mpc
−3
(95% upper limits). Based on early instrument performance and our current CO signal estimates, we forecast that the 5 yr Pathfinder campaign will detect the CO power spectrum with overall signal-to-noise ratio of 9–17. Between then and now, we also expect to detect the CO–galaxy cross-spectrum using overlapping galaxy survey data, enabling enhanced inferences of cosmic star formation and galaxy evolution history.
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