Kentucky's wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop is planted into a rotation in which corn (Zea mays L.) is followed by wheat, which is followed by double‐crop soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr.. The causal ...agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB), Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, overwinters in corn stubble; thus, the Kentucky wheat crop is always at risk for FHB. The preeminent goal of the University of Kentucky wheat breeding program is releasing FHB‐resistant winter wheat cultivars. ‘Pembroke 2021’ (Reg. no. CV‐1198, PI 701381) is an early‐maturing, semi‐dwarf, soft red winter wheat cultivar developed and released in 2020 by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station for FHB resistance, high yield and test weight potential, and lodging resistance. Pembroke 2021, tested as KY 07C‐1145‐94‐12‐5, was developed from the cross ‘IL99‐15867’/B990081//KY97C‐0554‐04‐05. The pedigree of the KY parent is VA94‐54‐549/Roane//Kristy. Pembroke 2021 was named for the Pembroke silt loam soil series prevalent in the main wheat‐producing area of Kentucky. Pembroke 2021 was selected from F4:5 head rows using a modified bulk breeding method; selected rows carried the resistance allele at the following FHB resistance quantitative trait loci: 1B Jamestown, 1A Neuse, 4A Neuse, and 3B Massey. Pembroke 2021 was tested in Kentucky in multi‐location replicated yield trials, the Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nursery, the Mason‐Dixon nursery, the Uniform Northern Winter Wheat Scab Nursery, and the Kentucky Wheat Variety Trial.
Core Ideas
Scab resistance is essential in wheat cultivars grown in Kentucky.
Small‐effect scab resistance QTL can be pyramided to confer acceptable resistance.
Low deoxynivalenol levels are still the best indicator of effective scab resistance.
The central role of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system in the loss of skeletal muscle protein in many wasting conditions has been well established. However, it is unclear what factors are responsible ...for the suppression of this system during periods of protein gain. Thus, the aim of these studies was to examine the short‐term effects of insulin release and nutrients on skeletal muscle protein turnover in young rats starved for 48 h, and then infused intravenously with amino acids (AA), or fed an oral diet. Forty‐eight hours of starvation (i.e. prolonged starvation in young rats) decreased muscle protein synthesis and increased proteasome‐dependent proteolysis. Four‐hour AA infusion and 4 h of refeeding increased plasma insulin release and AA concentrations, and stimulated muscle protein synthesis, but had no effect on either total or proteasome‐dependent proteolysis, despite decreased plasma corticosterone concentrations. Both muscle proteasome‐dependent proteolysis and the rate of ubiquitination of muscle proteins were not suppressed until 10 h of refeeding. The temporal response of these two measurements correlated with the normalised expression of the 14‐kDa E2 (a critical enzyme in substrate ubiquitination in muscle) and the expression of the MSS1 subunit of the 19S regulatory complex of the 26S proteasome. In contrast, the starvation‐induced increase in mRNA levels for 20S proteasome subunits was normalised by refeeding within 24 h in muscle, and 6 h in jejunum, respectively. In conclusion, unlike protein synthesis, skeletal muscle proteasome‐dependent proteolysis is not acutely responsive in vivo to insulin, AA, and/or nutrient intake in refed starved rats. This suggests that distinct and perhaps independent mechanisms are responsible for the nutrient‐dependent regulation of protein synthesis and ubiquitin‐proteasome‐dependent proteolysis following a prolonged period of catabolism. Furthermore, factors other than the expression of ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway components appear to be responsible for the suppression of skeletal muscle proteasome‐dependent proteolysis by nutrition.
Tropomyosin (Tm) is a key component of the actin cytoskeleton and >40 isoforms have been described in mammals. In addition to the isoforms in the sarcomere, we now report the existence of two ...nonsarcomeric (NS) isoforms in skeletal muscle. These isoforms are excluded from the thin filament of the sarcomere and are localized to a novel Z-line adjacent structure. Immunostained cross sections indicate that one Tm defines a Z-line adjacent structure common to all myofibers, whereas the second Tm defines a spatially distinct structure unique to muscles that undergo chronic or repetitive contractions. When a Tm (Tm3) that is normally absent from muscle was expressed in mice it became associated with the Z-line adjacent structure. These mice display a muscular dystrophy and ragged-red fiber phenotype, suggestive of disruption of the membrane-associated cytoskeletal network. Our findings raise the possibility that mutations in these tropomyosin and these structures may underpin these types of myopathies.
Patients with the inherited muscle disease nemaline myopathy experience prolonged muscle weakness following periods of immobility. We have examined endurance exercise as a means of improving recovery ...following muscle inactivity in our α-tropomyosinslow(Met9Arg)-transgenic mouse model of nemaline myopathy. Physical inactivity, mimicked using a hindlimb immobilization protocol, resulted in fiber atrophy and severe muscle weakness. Following immobilization, the nemaline mice (NM) were weaker than WT mice but regained whole-body strength with exercise training. The disuse-induced weakness and the regain of strength with exercise in NM were associated with the respective formation and resolution of nemaline rods, suggesting a role for rods in muscle weakness. Muscles from NM did not show the typical features of muscle repair during chronic stretch-immobilization of the soleus muscle (regeneration occurred with relative lack of centralized nuclei). This indicates that the normal process of regeneration may be altered in nemaline myopathy and may contribute to poor recovery. In conclusion, endurance exercise can alleviate disuse-induced weakness in NM. The altered myofiber repair process in the nemaline mice may be a response to primary myofibrillar damage that occurs in nemaline myopathy and is distinct from the classical repair in muscular dystrophy resulting from plasma membrane defects.
Early nutrition is recommended for patients with sepsis, but data are conflicting regarding the optimum route of delivery. Enteral nutrition (EN), compared with parenteral nutrition (PN), results in ...poorer achievement of nutritional goals but may be associated with fewer infections. Mechanisms underlying differential effects of the feeding route on patient outcomes are not understood, but probably involve the immune system and the anabolic response to nutrients. We studied the effect of nutrition and the route of delivery of nutrition on cytokine profiles, the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) axis and a potential mechanism for immune and anabolic system interaction, the suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), in rodents with and without sepsis.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to laparotomy (Sham) or to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), with postoperative saline infusion (Starve), with EN or with PN for 72 hours. Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by immunoassay, and hepatic expressions of cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein, SOCS-2, SOCS-3, IGF-I and the growth hormone receptor (GHR) were measured by real-time quantitative PCR.
IL-6 was detectable in all groups, but was only present in all animals receiving CLP-PN. IL-10 was detectable in all but one CLP-PN rat, one CLP-EN rat, approximately 50% of the CLP-Starve rats and no sham-operated rats. Cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein mRNA was increased in the CLP-EN group compared with the Sham-EN group and the other CLP groups (P < 0.05). SOCS-2 mRNA was decreased in CLP-PN rats compared with Sham-PN rats (P = 0.07). SOCS-3 mRNA was increased with CLP compared with sham operation (P < 0.03). IGF-I mRNA (P < 0.05) and GHR mRNA (P < 0.03) were greater in the fed CLP animals and in the Sham-PN group compared with the starved rats.
In established sepsis, nutrition and the route of administration of nutrition influences the circulating cytokine patterns and expression of mRNA of SOCS proteins, GHR and IGF-I. The choice of the administration route of nutrition may influence cellular mechanisms that govern the response to hormones and mediators, which further influence the response to nutrients. These findings may be important in the design and analysis of clinical trials of nutritional interventions in sepsis in man.
The Sunda Clouded Leopard Neofelis diardi on Borneo is threatened principally by deforestation for oil palm plantations and the indiscriminate use of illegal trapping. Sunda Clouded Leopard ...populations are decreasing across their range, and the species has been categorised as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Despite the persistence of threats and numerous surveys in recent years, information on its ecology is still limited. Most studies to date have relied on the use of camera traps as their primary sampling tool, as it is challenging otherwise to gather data on Sunda Clouded Leopards. This study aimed to test the feasibility of estimating the Sunda Clouded Leopard occupancy using a different approach. We conducted vehicle spotlight transect surveys in a mixed-use forest reserve and logging concession in Sabah. We drove a cumulative total of 8,433 km of transects at night and documented the occurrence of Sunda Clouded Leopards in eight out of 31 predetermined long-distance transects, yielding a relatively low naïve occupancy rate (nO = 0.26). When accounting for imperfect detection (ρ = 0.15), null occupancy of Sunda Clouded Leopards appeared much higher (ᴪ = 0.55), though our parameter estimates lacked relative precision. Despite this, our results suggest there may be potential to further refine and adapt a basic, cost-effective monitoring approach in a local mixed-use reserve with the help of concession managers and additional improvements to study design. We caution, however, that not all study sites may be suited for this type of approach and strongly advise the development of pilot studies to evaluate their overall feasibility.
While the general understanding of muscle regenerative capacity is that it declines with increasing age due to impairments in the number of muscle progenitor cells and interaction with their niche, ...studies vary in their model of choice, indices of myogenic repair, muscle of interest and duration of studies. We focused on the net outcome of regeneration, functional architecture, compared across three models of acute muscle injury to test the hypothesis that satellite cells maintain their capacity for effective myogenic regeneration with age. Muscle regeneration in extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) of young (3 mo-old), old (22 mo-old) and senescent female mice (28 mo-old) was evaluated for architectural features, fiber number and central nucleation, weight, collagen and fat deposition. The 3 injury paradigms were: a myotoxin (notexin) which leaves the blood vessels and nerves intact, freezing (FI) that damages local muscle, nerve and blood vessels and denervation-devascularization (DD) which dissociates the nerves and blood vessels from the whole muscle. Histological analyses revealed successful architectural regeneration following notexin injury with negligible fibrosis and fully restored function, regardless of age. In comparison, the regenerative response to injuries that damaged the neurovascular supply (FI and DD) was less effective, but similar across the ages. The focus on net regenerative outcome demonstrated that old and senescent muscle has a robust capacity to regenerate functional architecture.
Growth hormone (GH) has a strong anabolic effect and is thought to be useful in improving the efficacy of parenteral nutrition (PN) to preserve muscle mass (MM) in the postoperative setting. ...Unfortunately, the negative clinical outcome of GH treatment in intensive care patients limits its use in this setting, but demands answers to the mechanism behind the action of this therapy.
In a double-blind randomised controlled study consecutive patients after major abdominal surgery were divided into four groups of either 1/2-PN (0.13
g
N/kg/day and 52% of calories as lipid) or full-strength PN (Full-PN) (0.3
g
N/kg/day and 65% of calories as lipid) receiving daily injections of either GH (8–16
IU) or placebo for a period of 14 days postoperative.
Outcome measures included MM derived from measures of total body potassium (
40K counting) and total body nitrogen (TBN) (in vivo neutron capture technique); Fat mass from skin folds; serum insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its binding proteins (IGFBP).
From 43 major upper GI surgical patients randomised 35 completed the study (one patient died from sepsis in the half-strength PN (1/2-PN)+GH group). 1/2-PN (
n
=
11
) lost TBN (
P
=
0.001
), MM (
P
=
0.005
) but not fat. Full-PN (
n
=
9
) maintained TBN, MM (
P
=
0.056
) and fat. 1/2-PN+GH (
n
=
8
) maintained TBN and fat but lost MM (
P
=
0.038
). Full-PN+GH (
n
=
7
) maintained TBN and MM but lost fat (
P
=
0.018
). Two-way ANOVA indicated that PN input (
P
=
0.031
) and not GH had a significant effect on MM. GH caused a significant rise in IGF-I levels (290±67 and 454±71
μg/l for 1/2-PN+GH and Full-PN+GH, respectively) and restored serum IGFBP3 and the acid labile subunit to normal, by the postoperative day 9.
After major gastrointestinal surgery, GH causes a marked hepatic IGF-I response and nitrogen retention but its effect on body composition was more significant with a high PN input. Further, Full-PN alone was sufficient to prevent nitrogen loss and preserved MM and addition of GH does not provide further metabolic advantage.
Registration of ‘Pembroke 2016’ Soft Red Winter Wheat Van Sanford, David A.; Clark, Anthony J.; Bradley, Carl ...
Journal of plant registrations,
September 2018, 2018-09-00, Letnik:
12, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
‘Pembroke 2016’ (Reg. No. CV‐1144, PI 686941) is an early‐maturing, semidwarf soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar developed and released in 2016 by the Kentucky Agricultural ...Experiment Station for its combination of high yield potential, excellent test weight, resistance to lodging, and resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB), a persistent threat in Kentucky because of the grain crop rotation most widely used by farmers. In the fall, the wheat crop is planted directly into corn (Zea mays L.) stubble that harbors the causal fungus for FHB, Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. Therefore, the main focus of our breeding program is the development of FHB‐resistant winter wheat cultivars. The cross from which Pembroke 2016 was derived is ‘Pioneer 25W33’/‘Pioneer 25W60’//Pioneer 25W33/KY90C‐042‐37‐1. The pedigree of KY90C‐042‐37‐1 is ‘LB 63’/‘Freedom’. The cross was made in 2003, and Pembroke 2016 was initially selected from F4:5 head rows in 2008 using a modified bulk breeding method. Breeder seed of Pembroke 2016, tested as KY03C‐1002‐02, comprised selected rows that carried the resistance allele at a major FHB resistance quantitative trait locus, Fhb1. Pembroke 2016 has been extensively tested in multilocation replicated breeding line yield trials, the Uniform Eastern Soft Red Winter Wheat Nursery in 2011 and 2012, and the Kentucky Wheat Variety Trial since 2012.
This study examined whether perioperative multimodal analgesia (MMA) improves the effectiveness of intravenous nutrition (IVN) as a means of preventing protein wasting following major upper abdominal ...surgery (UAS). The MMA regimen utilized combined epidural opioid/local anesthetic and the systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketorolac for 48 hours.
In a prospective, randomized, nonblinded study, 47 patients scheduled for major UAS were allocated to receive the following: MMA +/- intravenous lipid-based nutrition (IVN) or patient-controlled analgesia with opioids (PCA) +/- IVN. Pain scores, nitrogen balance, total body protein (TBP), arterial blood gases, and various hormones were measured.
Pain control was significantly better in the MMA patients at rest and coughing. Only the MMA + IVN group maintained TBP, mean (+/-95% confidence interval) preoperative day 1, 10.5 (+/-1.0) kg; day 14, 10.7 (+/-1.2) kg, whereas TBP decreased in the other groups (P =.04). Nitrogen balance was significantly greater in patients receiving IVN on day 7 (P =.01), but there was no effect related to the analgetic regimen. Decreased PaO(2) seen on postoperative day 2 was not prevented by MMA. The hormonal response to surgery was not influenced by treatment modality, apart from a return to postprandial insulin levels on postoperative day 7 in those patients receiving IVN (P =.002).
In conclusion, we have shown that the combination of MMA and IVN prevents protein loss and improves pain control after major UAS. Our results suggest that after UAS, MMA significantly reduced pain and, in combination with IVN, preserves total body protein and fat. This is the first direct evidence of such effects associated with a commonly used multimodal regimen.
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