Although scholars have begun to study face—to—face deliberation on public issues, “deliberation” has no clear conceptual definition and only weak moorings in larger theories. To address these ...problems, this essay integrates diverse philosophical and empirical works to define deliberation and place it in a broader theoretical context. Public deliberation is a combination of careful problem analysis and an egalitarian process in which participants have adequate speaking opportunities and engage in attentive listening or dialogue that bridges divergent ways of speaking and knowing. Placed in the meta—theoretical framework of structuration theory (Giddens, 1984), deliberation is theorized to exist at the center of a homeostatic loop, in which deliberative practice reinforces itself. A review of theory and research on the causes and effects of deliberation leads us to develop this structurational conceptualization into the self—reinforcing model of deliberation. This model posits that public deliberation is more likely to occur when discussion participants perceive potential common ground, believe deliberation is an appropriate mode of talk, possess requisite analytic and communication skills, and have sufficient motivation. Deliberation directly reinforces participants' deliberative habits and skills, and it indirectly promotes common ground and motivation by broadening participants' public identities and heightening their sense of political efficacy.
Background:
Girls’ lacrosse headgear that met the ASTM International performance standard (ASTM F3137) became available in 2017. However, the effects of headgear use on impact forces during game play ...are unknown.
Purpose:
To evaluate potential differences in rates, magnitudes, and game-play characteristics associated with verified impacts among players with and without headgear during competition.
Study Design:
Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.
Methods:
A total of 49 female high school participants (mean age, 16.2 ± 1.2 years; mean height, 1.66 ± 0.05 m; mean weight, 61.2 ± 6.4 kg) volunteered for this study, which took place during the 2016 (no headgear; 18 games) and 2017 (headgear; 15 games) seasons. Wearable sensors synchronized with video verification were used. Descriptive statistics, impact rates, and chi-square analyses described impacts and game-play characteristics among players with and without headgear. Differences in mean peak linear acceleration (PLA) and peak rotational velocity (PRV) between the no headgear and headgear conditions were evaluated using a linear generalized estimating equation regression model to control for repeated within-player measurements.
Results:
Overall, 649 sensor-instrumented player-games were recorded. A total of 204 impacts ≥20g recorded by the wearable sensors were verified with video analysis (102 no headgear; 102 headgear). Most impacts were imparted to the player’s body (n = 152; 74.5%) rather than to the player’s head (n = 52; 25.5%). Impact rates per player-game did not vary between the no headgear and headgear conditions (0.30 vs 0.34, respectively; impact rate ratio, 0.88 95% CI, 0.37-2.08). There was no association between impact frequency by mechanism or penalties administered between the no headgear and headgear conditions for overall or direct head impacts. The generalized estimating equation model estimated a significant reduction in mean impact magnitudes overall (PLA: –7.9g 95% CI, –13.3 to –2.5; PRV: –212 deg/s 95% CI, –359 to –64) with headgear relative to no headgear. No game-related concussions were reported during this study.
Conclusion:
Lacrosse headgear use was associated with a reduction in the magnitude of overall impacts but not a significant change in the rate of impacts, how they occur, or how penalties were administered for impacts sustained during competition. Further research is needed with a larger sample and different levels of play to evaluate the consequences of headgear use in girls’ lacrosse.
The present study aimed to assess the potential influence of a diagnosis of ADHD on concussion recovery among collegiate athletes.
Retrospective and cross-sectional.
Data were extracted ...retrospectively from medical records across LIMBIC MATARS member institutions (
= 11), representing 1,044 concussion cases among collegiate athletes. After exclusions, 406 concussions were included in our analysis (ADHD:
= 38, age = 20.2 ± 1.67 years, 18.4% female; No ADHD:
= 368, age = 19.8 ± 1.39 years, 40.1% female). Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare days from injury to diagnosis, symptom resolution, and return to sport among athletes with and without ADHD.
No differences were observed for days from concussion until diagnosis (z = -0.33,
= 0.74), until days to symptom resolution (z = -1.30,
= 0.19), or days until return to sport (z = -0.68,
= 0.49); among concussion cases with or without a previously reported diagnosis of ADHD.
Our findings further expand the literature that suggests ADHD is not strongly associated with recovery trajectory following sport concussion in collegiate athletes. Future research should extend these findings to be inclusive of additional preexisting health conditions and moderating effects related to medication usage among diverse athlete levels.
Abstract
Objective
High rates of concussion in sex-comparable sports have been reported at the high school (HS), however, research examining concussion rates and time loss, in middle school (MS) ...sports is limited; therefore, we investigated concussion rates and time loss (TL) in sex-comparable MS sports.
Methods
Concussion and athlete exposure (AE) data was collected for all MS sponsored events in a metropolitan public-school division between 2015/16–2019/20. AE was defined as one athlete participating in one sport-event. TL was defined as the number of days between the injury and return to sport dates. Injury rates (IR) per 1000 AEs with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for sex-comparable sports (baseball/softball, basketball, soccer, & track). Injury rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs were compared IR between sexes. CIs excluding 1.0 were considered significant. A Mann–Whitney U test compared mean TL between sexes.
Results
76 concussions (IR = 0.35/1000AEs, 95%CI: 0.27–0.43) occurred across 215,074 AEs. Girls had a higher IR (0.48, 95%CI: 0.35–0.62, n = 52) than boys (0.22, 95%CI: 0.13–0.31, n = 24; IRR:2.18, 95%CI:1.34–3.53). Girls had a greater mean TL (20.27 ± 16.96 days) than boys (13.67 ± 5.66 days, U = 282.5, p = 0.04).
Conclusions
Within sex-comparable sports, girls had nearly twice the IR, and took nearly 7 days longer to recover than boys. IR differences between sexes in MS and HS athletes were consistent, however MS girls needed nearly one-week longer to recover than HS girls, while MS and HS boys were similar. Further inquiry into MS sport concussion rates, sex differences, and subsequent TL is warranted.
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