Real-time (RT)-PCR increases diagnostic yield for bacterial meningitis and is ideal for incorporation into routine surveillance in a developing country. We validated a multiplex RT-PCR assay for ...Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae in Brazil. Risk factors for being culture-negative, RT-PCR positive were determined. The sensitivity of RT-PCR in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 100% (95% confidence limits, 96.0%-100%) for N. meningitidis, 97.8% (85.5%-99.9%) for S. pneumoniae, and 66.7% (9.4%-99.2%) for H. influenzae. Specificity ranged from 98.9% to 100%. Addition of RT-PCR to routine microbiologic methods increased the yield for detection of S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae cases by 52%, 85%, and 20%, respectively. The main risk factor for being culture negative and RT-PCR positive was presence of antibiotic in CSF (odds ratio 12.2, 95% CI 5.9-25.0). RT-PCR using CSF was highly sensitive and specific and substantially added to measures of meningitis disease burden when incorporated into routine public health surveillance in Brazil.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A national laboratory-based surveillance system was adapted to monitor the situation of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil. The objective of the study was to compare the challenges in implementing COVID-19 ...surveillance strategies based on the Ministry of Health’s (MoH) distribution of RT-PCR tests to different types of laboratories. This retrospective study analyzed the MoH’s testing policies and distribution of RT-PCR tests to laboratories during the first, second, and third waves. Recipient laboratories were divided into groups: public health laboratories that belonged to the national network of public health laboratories (Group 1); public laboratories granted authorization during the pandemic (Group 2); and High-Capacity Testing Centers (Group 3). We analyzed the timing and duration of COVID-19 testing policies and the allocation of tests to laboratories by group and wave. Using t-tests, we analyzed the difference in the weekly average of tests distributed to labs by group and using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, analyzed the test distribution according to infection and death rates. Between epiweek 9, 2020, and epiweek 22, 2022, the MoH distributed an average of 263,004 RT-PCR tests per week. The weekly average of tests distributed was highest in the second wave (310,327 tests), followed by the first (218,005 tests) and third waves (201,226 tests). There was a significant increase in the mean weekly tests distributed in the second wave compared to the first and third waves (p = 0.047; IC 8.29–1110.71). We found a significant difference between the weekly average of tests distributed in the first and second wave (p < 0.001; IC -209.83–76.20) to Group 2. Group 3 received the second-highest number of tests from the MoH overall, with a reduction during the third wave to first-wave levels. The distribution of RT-PCR tests was not correlated with the case and death incidence.
Abstract
Background
Surveillance efforts are essential to pandemic control, especially where the state is the primary health provider, such as Brazil. When public health testing guidelines limit ...molecular tests, there are reductions in detection efforts aimed at early recognition, isolation, and treatment of those infected with the virus. This study evaluates the effectiveness of surveillance policies to control the COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo.
Methods
We conducted an interrupted time series analysis with a segmented regression model to analyze if changes in the state’s guidelines improved RT-PCR testing outcomes in Brazil’s most affluent and largest state, São Paulo. Anonymized daily data on the RT-PCR tests conducted in public laboratories belonging to the state-wide network from March 1, 2020 to June 5, 2021 were extracted from the Sao Paulo State open-source database, while the data on the genomic sequences were obtained from GISAID. We then aggregated these data for the 17 regional health departments in the state to evaluate regional-level outcomes.
Results
The public health system restricted RT-PCR testing to hospitalized cases in the first months. Testing was expanded to permit symptomatic testing of non-hospitalized persons only in July 2020, but a statistically significant increase in surveillance efforts was not observed. Case definition was expanded to allow case confirmation based on clinical, laboratory and image data criteria other than an RT-PCR test without increasing the testing effort for asymptomatic suspicious cases in September 2020. There was an increase in the mean volume of testing in each RHD, but the test positivity rate increased due to insufficient testing expansion. Results also show an uneven improvement in testing outcomes following these changes across the state’s regional health departments.
Conclusions
Evidence suggests that lower RT-PCR testing and genomic surveillance efforts are associated with areas characterized by a higher population concentration and a greater population reliance on the public health system. Our results highlight the need to structure health surveillance and information systems for disease control and prevention in emergency settings considering local demographics and vulnerabilities. In high prevalence settings, efforts at identifying and including vulnerable populations in routine and enhanced surveillance programs during COVID-19 must be significantly improved.
Unexpected deaths of three patients happened at a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clinic during cranial examinations with gadolinium-based contrast media. A toxicological screening using liquid ...chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS–MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for blood and urine samples collected during autopsy of the cases resulted negative. During the police investigation, it was learned that a special brand of perfluorocarbon (FC-770) had been in use at the radiological clinic for prostatic, genitals, and external soft tissue examinations, and could supposedly be available in the room where the cranial MRI examinations were performed. Histologically the lungs of the three victims showed alveolar edema associated with pulmonary venous air embolism. Using a target LC–MS–MS method, gadolinium-based contrast agents Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA were detected in blood samples and results showed lower levels of Gd-DTPA and Gd-DOTA when compared with literature data for that kind of MRI examinations. Free gadolinium (Gd
3+
) was also determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry in blood samples showing also low levels. Perfluorocarbon FC-770 was determined in blood by headspace–GC–MS. Results showed the presence of 19.3, 20.9, and 20.0 μg/ml of FC-770 in blood of the three victims, estimating an injected dose of at least 230, 180, and 180 mg/kg, respectively. The smallest fatal dose established in an early experimental study was estimated to be 6.8 mg/kg. The investigations concluded that mistakenly intravenous injection of FC-770 led to the deaths of the three victims by a mechanism of pulmonary venous gas embolism secondary to the presence of non absorbable and high vapor pressure FC-770 in the pulmonary capillaries.
This is an evaluative and qualitative study that proposes to investigate self-assessment evaluation as a device to analyze Health Surveillance practices through a questionnaire built by researchers, ...adapted from the Self-Assessment of Improved Access and Primary Care Quality (AMAQ) and available on the FORMSUS platform. Forty-one Health Surveillance workers and managers of a large municipality from São Paulo State evaluated the realms of “management”, “teamwork” and their respective sub-realms. Two categories were created to analyze the results: “Management” and “Team” in dialogue with references from Management, Evaluation and Health Surveillance. Most “management” and “teamwork” sub-realms were deemed satisfactory. Self-assessment evaluation through an applied evaluation tool was shown to be a powerful resource for the analysis of Health Surveillance practices in combination with other devices adopted by the Unified Health System (SUS). Unlike usual evaluation processes guided by quantitative markers, this self-assessable evaluative process included subjects and enabled the possibility of incorporating a new look at itself to the way Health Surveillance is carried out and support future management contracts between workers and managers.
Resumo Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa, qualitativa que se propôs investigar a autoavaliação como dispositivo de análise das práticas da Vigilância em Saúde, valendo-se de questionário construído ...pelos pesquisadores, adaptado da Autovaliação da Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (AMAQ) e disponibilizado na plataforma FORMSUS. Quarenta e um trabalhadores e gestores da Vigilância em Saúde de um município de grande porte do estado de São Paulo avaliaram as dimensões da “gestão” e “trabalho da equipe” e suas respectivas subdimensões. Criaram-se duas categorias de análise dos resultados: “Gestão” e “Equipe”, em diálogo com referenciais da Gestão, Avaliação e Vigilância em Saúde. A maior parte das subdimensões da “gestão” e “trabalho da equipe” foram avaliadas como satisfatórias. A autoavaliação, mediante o instrumento aplicado, mostrou-se potente para a análise das práticas da Vigilância em Saúde, em conjunto com outros dispositivos adotados no SUS. Diferentemente dos processos habituais de avaliação, pautados em indicadores quantitativos, este processo autoavaliativo incluiu os sujeitos e trouxe a possibilidade de incorporar aos modos de fazer da Vigilância em Saúde o olhar para si e sustentar futuros contratos de gestão entre trabalhadores e gestores.
Resumo Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa, qualitativa que se propôs investigar a autoavaliação como dispositivo de análise das práticas da Vigilância em Saúde, valendo-se de questionário construído ...pelos pesquisadores, adaptado da Autovaliação da Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (AMAQ) e disponibilizado na plataforma FORMSUS. Quarenta e um trabalhadores e gestores da Vigilância em Saúde de um município de grande porte do estado de São Paulo avaliaram as dimensões da “gestão” e “trabalho da equipe” e suas respectivas subdimensões. Criaram-se duas categorias de análise dos resultados: “Gestão” e “Equipe”, em diálogo com referenciais da Gestão, Avaliação e Vigilância em Saúde. A maior parte das subdimensões da “gestão” e “trabalho da equipe” foram avaliadas como satisfatórias. A autoavaliação, mediante o instrumento aplicado, mostrou-se potente para a análise das práticas da Vigilância em Saúde, em conjunto com outros dispositivos adotados no SUS. Diferentemente dos processos habituais de avaliação, pautados em indicadores quantitativos, este processo autoavaliativo incluiu os sujeitos e trouxe a possibilidade de incorporar aos modos de fazer da Vigilância em Saúde o olhar para si e sustentar futuros contratos de gestão entre trabalhadores e gestores.
Abstract This is an evaluative and qualitative study that proposes to investigate self-assessment evaluation as a device to analyze Health Surveillance practices through a questionnaire built by researchers, adapted from the Self-Assessment of Improved Access and Primary Care Quality (AMAQ) and available on the FORMSUS platform. Forty-one Health Surveillance workers and managers of a large municipality from São Paulo State evaluated the realms of “management”, “teamwork” and their respective sub-realms. Two categories were created to analyze the results: “Management” and “Team” in dialogue with references from Management, Evaluation and Health Surveillance. Most “management” and “teamwork” sub-realms were deemed satisfactory. Self-assessment evaluation through an applied evaluation tool was shown to be a powerful resource for the analysis of Health Surveillance practices in combination with other devices adopted by the Unified Health System (SUS). Unlike usual evaluation processes guided by quantitative markers, this self-assessable evaluative process included subjects and enabled the possibility of incorporating a new look at itself to the way Health Surveillance is carried out and support future management contracts between workers and managers.
BACKGROUND:In 2010, introduction of the meningococcal C conjugate vaccine in Brazil for children <2 years provided an immediate reduction in the incidence rates of disease among the age groups ...targeted for the vaccine, but no early impact was observed in unvaccinated age groups. Knowledge about meningococcal carriage is crucial for improving our understanding of the disease epidemiology and for designing effective vaccination programs. Taking in account the very limited published data currently available describing meningococcal carriage in Brazil, we performed a study to evaluate the prevalence of Neisseria meningitidis carriage among adolescent students.
METHODS:A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 to assess the prevalence of meningococcal carriage among a representative sample of 1208 students 11–19 years of age in Campinas, Brazil. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of isolated carriage strains and the effect of potential risk factors for carriage were also analyzed.
RESULTS:The overall carriage prevalence was 9.9% (95% confidence interval, 8.3–11.8%), with dominance of serogroup C (1.32%), followed by serogroups B (0.99%), E (0.74%), Y (0.49%) and W (0.25%). A lower level of education of the parents was independently associated with a higher risk of carriage. A high diversity of genotypes was found among carriage strains.
CONCLUSIONS:The evidence gathered during this study provides estimates of carriage prevalence in Brazilian adolescents, showing an unusually high dominance of serogroup C. These results have important implications in future strategies to optimize the impact of the current meningococcal C vaccination program in Brazil.
This is an evaluative and qualitative study that proposes to investigate self-assessment evaluation as a device to analyze Health Surveillance practices through a questionnaire built by researchers, ...adapted from the Self-Assessment of Improved Access and Primary Care Quality (AMAQ) and available on the FORMSUS platform. Forty-one Health Surveillance workers and managers of a large municipality from São Paulo State evaluated the realms of "management", "teamwork" and their respective sub-realms. Two categories were created to analyze the results: "Management" and "Team" in dialogue with references from Management, Evaluation and Health Surveillance. Most "management" and "teamwork" sub-realms were deemed satisfactory. Self-assessment evaluation through an applied evaluation tool was shown to be a powerful resource for the analysis of Health Surveillance practices in combination with other devices adopted by the Unified Health System (SUS). Unlike usual evaluation processes guided by quantitative markers, this self-assessable evaluative process included subjects and enabled the possibility of incorporating a new look at itself to the way Health Surveillance is carried out and support future management contracts between workers and managers.
Resumo Trata-se de pesquisa avaliativa, qualitativa que se propôs investigar a autoavaliação como dispositivo de análise das práticas da Vigilância em Saúde, valendo-se de questionário construído ...pelos pesquisadores, adaptado da Autovaliação da Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (AMAQ) e disponibilizado na plataforma FORMSUS. Quarenta e um trabalhadores e gestores da Vigilância em Saúde de um município de grande porte do estado de São Paulo avaliaram as dimensões da “gestão” e “trabalho da equipe” e suas respectivas subdimensões. Criaram-se duas categorias de análise dos resultados: “Gestão” e “Equipe”, em diálogo com referenciais da Gestão, Avaliação e Vigilância em Saúde. A maior parte das subdimensões da “gestão” e “trabalho da equipe” foram avaliadas como satisfatórias. A autoavaliação, mediante o instrumento aplicado, mostrou-se potente para a análise das práticas da Vigilância em Saúde, em conjunto com outros dispositivos adotados no SUS. Diferentemente dos processos habituais de avaliação, pautados em indicadores quantitativos, este processo autoavaliativo incluiu os sujeitos e trouxe a possibilidade de incorporar aos modos de fazer da Vigilância em Saúde o olhar para si e sustentar futuros contratos de gestão entre trabalhadores e gestores.
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