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•US treatment of muscle homogenates did not alter in vitro glycogen degradation.•US power and duration had a significant interactive effect on in vitro glycolysis.•The effects were ...observed following the 100 % amp 30 min US treatment.•Significant differences were observed in pH, and glucose and lactic acid content.
The rate of pH decline post – mortem and its interaction with temperature influences the final tenderness of meat, and therefore, the manipulation of the rate of pH decline is a strategy of interest in order to obtain consistent high quality meat. Ultrasound is a potential early post - mortem carcass intervention, which may alter the rate of glycolysis based on its ability to alter enzyme activity. In this study, homogenates (prepared from early post-mortem Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle) were subjected to different ultrasound intensities (0 %/60 %/100 % amp) and treatment durations (15/ 30 min). The effect of these treatments on the inherent activity of the glycolytic enzymes was investigated using an in vitro glycolytic buffer model system. It was found that ultrasound treatment intensity and duration had a significant interactive effect on the rate of pH decline, and on reducing sugars and lactic acid concentrations, specifically following the 100 % amp ultrasound for 30 min treatment and between 30 and 240 min incubation. No significant differences in pH or metabolites content were observed between treatments after 1440 min of incubation. No effect of ultrasound intensity or treatment duration was observed on the degradation of glycogen. Under the reported conditions of this trial, it can be concluded that the application of ultrasound has limited potential to have an impact on the glycolytic pathways in bovine muscle.
Selected byChoicemagazine as a Outstanding Academic Book for 2000 Nelson Mandela once said, "Human rights have become the focal point of international relations." This has certainly become true in ...American relations with the People's Republic of China. Ann Kent's book documents China's compliance with the norms and rules of international treaties, and serves as a case study of the effectiveness of the international human rights regime, that network of international consensual agreements concerning acceptable treatment of individuals at the hands of nation-states. Since the early 1980s, and particularly since 1989, by means of vigorous monitoring and the strict maintenance of standards, United Nations human rights organizations have encouraged China to move away from its insistence on the principle of noninterference, to take part in resolutions critical of human rights conditions in other nations, and to accept the applicability to itself of human rights norms and UN procedures. Even though China has continued to suppress political dissidents at home, and appears at times resolutely defiant of outside pressure to reform, Ann Kent argues that it has gradually begun to implement some international human rights standards.
Objective: Appropriate normative data are crucial for competent neuropsychological assessment. Although individuals with psychiatric illness often perform more poorly than healthy adults on ...neuropsychological testing, data that reflect the psychiatric population are often lacking. We present a normative dataset and calculation tools for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) derived from the psychiatric inpatient population. Method: A sample of 301 psychiatric inpatients completed the RCFT and the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) between 1999 and 2018. Participants were 59.5% male, 82.1% Caucasian, 13.3% black, and 4.6% identified as another racial demographic, largely consistent with recent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2018) data for inpatients in U.S. psychiatric facilities. Scores for RCFT Copy, Short-Delay Free Recall, Long-Delay Free Recall, Total Recognition, and Percent Retained were modeled via multiple regression with age and education as predictors. Base rates were computed for subscores comprising Total Recognition to aid clinical decision making. Results: Age and education served as significant individual predictors for all models except one model predicting percent retained across delay that included only age. Regression equations and regression standard errors were used to produce a score calculator using a commonly available spreadsheet software package. Healthy adult norms under-estimated performance in our sample, underscoring the importance of these normative data. Conclusions: These normative data for the RCFT represent a large cohort of psychiatric inpatients. For clinical practice and research, both the data and the tools provided are likely to be of particular usefulness among individuals with serious mental illness.
Decision to award China the right to host the Olympic Games in 2008 only justified if it maintains and protects fundamental Olympic principles - improvements to human rights - 2008 Olympics have ...impacted on integrity of Western liberal democracies through passage of the Olympic torch - necessity for state representatives and the foreign media to be able to express criticism of human rights violations.
Objective: A paucity of peer-reviewed research exists regarding the relation between cognitive functioning and adjudicative competence, despite increasing awareness of cognitive deficits associated ...with serious mental illness. This retrospective study sought to add to and expand upon existing research by considering performance validity and court determinations of competence, when available. Method: We compared demographic and cognitive variables of a group of defendants with presumed valid testing admitted to an inpatient psychiatric facility for evaluation of adjudicative competence and referred for neuropsychological evaluation (n = 45) and compared individuals determined by the evaluator and/or the court to be competent (n = 30) and incompetent (n = 15). Results: Defendants who were incompetent were more likely to be diagnosed with a cognitive disorder, with a medium effect size. There was a difference in tests of immediate and delayed memory as measured by the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), with medium to large effects, and high delayed memory scores were helpful in ruling out incompetence (Negative predictive power = 85.71%). Conclusions: These results provide support for the relationship between cognitive functioning and trial competence, particularly at high and low levels of performance.
This study examined the clinical utility of a performance validity test (PVT) for screening consecutive referrals (N = 436) to a neuropsychology service at a state psychiatric hospital treating both ...civilly committed and forensic patients. We created a contingency table with Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) pass/fail (355/81) and secondary gain present/absent (181/255) to examine pass rates associated with patient demographic, clinical and forensic status characteristics. Of the 81 failed PVTs, 48 had secondary gain defined as active criminal legal charges; 33 failed PVTs with no secondary gain. These individuals tended to be older, female, Caucasian, and civilly committed compared with the group with secondary gain who failed. From estimations of TOMM False Positive Rate and True Positive Rate we estimated base rates of neurocognitive malingering for our clinical population using the Test Validation Summary (TVS; Frederick & Bowden,
2009
). Although PVT failure is clearly more common in a group with secondary gain (31%), there were a number of false positives (11%). Clinical ratings of patients without gain who failed suggested cognitive deficits, behavioral issues, and inattention. Low scores on PVTs in the absence of secondary gain provide useful information on test engagement and can inform clinical decisions about testing.
The many questions surrounding China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its potential compliance with WTO rules direct scholarly attention toward the record of its compliance with ...the norms, rules and treaties of other international organizations and the role of these bodies over the past three decades in facilitating China's international socialization.
The rate of pH decline, early post-mortem, has been identified as a key factor that impacts the tenderness of meat, and manipulating this rate of pH decline is highly relevant to ensure consistent ...high quality meat. Ultrasound is a potential intervention in early post – mortem muscle that may have an impact on the rate of glycolysis through its ability to alter enzyme activity. Following a variety of different ultrasound treatments frequencies (25 and 45 kHz) and durations (15, 30 and 45 min), it was found, when analysed in muscle, that ultrasound treatment duration, specifically the 30 min treatment, and interaction between treatment duration and frequency, had a significant impact on the rate of pH decline, post – treatment. Frequency did not have a significant effect on the rate of pH decline, post – treatment, in muscle. Ultrasound did not have a significant permanent effect on the activity of glycolytic enzymes present in bovine Longissimus lumborum et thoracis muscle, where no significant differences were observed on the rate of pH decline and rate of change of reducing sugars, glycogen and lactic acid, when analysed in an in vitro glycolytic buffer. It seems that the impact observed in intact muscle is not as a consequence of a permanent change in enzymatic activity, instead indicating an impact on conditions in the muscle which enhanced enzyme activity.
