Two experiments examined whether trait inferences and cooperative decisions in a social dilemma are influenced by biased perceptions of the group's past success or failure in resolving the dilemma. ...In each experiment, Ss joined a group that had previously either succeeded or failed to provide a step-level public good. Ss were informed of (a) the number of members who had contributed to the good, and (b) the investment quota, defined as the number of contributors needed for the good to be provided. The number of group members who had contributed was held constant, and the past success or failure of the group was determined by varying the severity of the quota. Ss in both experiments displayed the correspondence bias, judging successful groups as more cooperative and competent than unsuccessful ones. Moreover, past group success tended to engender cooperation in subsequent public goods problems, particularly those featuring severe or unknown quotas.
Political Chronicles Wanna, John; Clune, David; Economou, Nick ...
The Australian journal of politics and history,
December 2011, Letnik:
57, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Amongst the inmates of the hung parliament a "new paradigm" of consensus politics was supposedly the order of the day. But the "new paradigm" was hardly proclaimed before the "old-style politics" of ...gladiatorial adversarialism, outright negativism and crass opportunism reasserted itself as the dominant form of politics. Almost every item the government proposed or endorsed was decried by the opposition, whilst the wily cross-benchers unsurprisingly looked to prevaricate and bargain. The opposition's main battering-ram, Tony Abbott, assumed the role of the "Abominable No Man": opposing everything for short-term political gain, even if a subsequent Coalition government would have to adopt similar policies (a short-term expedient ploy which eventually the serious media finally recognised). Adapted from the source document.
Patellar tendon ruptures after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery can become a potentially serious postoperative complication if handled incorrectly. Proper surgical and rehabilitation must be ...undertaken to ensure that the overall results of both the initial ACL reconstruction and subsequent tendon rupture are satisfactory. If properly managed, postoperative patellar tendon rupture can be treated and the overall outcome of the ACL surgery is not affected. In our experience of 5,000 ACL reconstructions, a total of 11 patellar tendon ruptures have occurred with 6 occurring after an ipsilateral ACL reconstruction and 5 occurring after a contralateral ACL reconstruction. All patellar tendons were repaired using suture anchors and augmented with a Dall-Miles cable. Follow-up at an average of 3.1 years postoperatively shows that patients regained full knee hyperextension with 141° of flexion on the involved side with average of 143° on the uninvolved knee. Average return of strength was 94% measured with isokinetic testing. Single leg hop scores averaged 96% compared with opposite noninvolved knee. In this article, we discuss the surgical technique, rehabilitation, and results of our experience treating this potentially difficult postoperative complication after ACL reconstruction.
The purpose of this project was to determine whether mild heat stress induced by wearing a wet suit while swimming in relatively warm water (25.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C) increases the risk of heat injury ...during the cycling and running stages of an International distance triathlon in a hot and humid environment (32 degrees C and 65% RH). Five male triathletes randomly completed two simulated triathlons (swim = 30 min; bike = 40 km; run = 10 km) in the laboratory using a swimming flume, cycle ergometer, and running treadmill. In both trials, all conditions were identical, except for the swimming portion in which a neoprene wet suit was worn during one trial (WS) and a swimming suit during the other (SS). The swim portion consisted of a 30-min standardized swim in which oxygen consumption (VO2) was replicated, regardless of WS or SS. During the cycling and running stages, however, the subjects were asked to complete the distances as fast as possible. Core temperature (Tc) was not significantly different between the SS and WS trials at any time point during the triathlon. However, mean skin temperature (Tsk) and mean body temperature (Tb) were higher (P < 0.05) in the WS at 15 (Tsk = +4.1 degrees C, Tb = +1.5 degrees C) and 30 min (Tsk = +4 degrees C, Tb = +1.6 degrees C) of the swim. These Tsk and Tb differences were eliminated by 15 min of the cycling stage and remained similar (P > 0.05) through the end of the triathlon. Moreover, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in VO2, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), or thermal sensation (TS) between the WS and SS. Additionally, no significant differences were found in cycling (SS = 1:14:46 +/- 2:48 vs WS = 1:14:37 +/- 2:54 min), running (SS = 55:40 +/- 1:49 vs WS = 57:20 +/- 4:00 min), or total triathlon times (SS = 2:40:26 +/- 1:58 vs WS = 2:41:57 +/- 1:37 min). These data indicate that wearing a wet suit during the swimming stage of an international distance triathlon in 25.4 degrees C water does not adversely affect the thermoregulatory responses of the triathlete on the subsequent cycling and running stages.
Problem Patients with transient ischaemic attack or stroke benefit from early diagnosis, specialist assessment, and treatment with thrombolysis, and from stroke unit care and secondary prevention. ...The challenge with such patients is to minimise delays and ensure that treatment is appropriate, and to provide this care with the available resources. Design An ongoing prospective audit of a transient ischaemic attack and stroke clinic (1 January 2005 to 30 September 2009), as part of the Scottish Stroke Care Audit, and a three month targeted audit of immediate telephone access to a specialist stroke consultant (1 February 2009 to 30 April 2009). Setting Stroke and transient ischaemic attack services in Lothian, a region of Scotland with a population of 810 000. Key measures for improvement Delays to assessment at a rapid access transient ischaemic attack and stroke clinic; delays to appropriate treatment. Strategy for change In February 2007 we introduced a 24 hours a day, seven days a week hotline to a consultant, who provided immediate advice on diagnosis, investigation, and emergency treatment for patients with transient ischaemic attack or stroke, and suggested the most appropriate care pathway, which might include an early appointment in a transient ischaemic attack and stroke clinic. Effects of change The introduction of the hotline was associated with an immediate and sustained reduction in delays to assessment (from 13 to three days) and treatment. The proportion of participants taking statins at the time of visiting the clinic increased from 40% before the introduction of the hotline to 60% after the hotline was in place. Also, the hotline contributed to a reduction in the delay from last event to carotid surgery, from 58 days to 21.5 days. A total of 376 calls were received during the three month audit. Of the 273 (88%) referrers who responded to our questionnaire, 257 (94%) were very satisfied with the advice given over the hotline. Lessons learnt Although associated with some disruption to the activities of the consultants, a 24 hours a day, seven days a week telephone hotline to a consultant is a feasible and effective means of reducing delays to specialist assessment and treatment of patients with transient ischaemic attack or stroke.
N-Benzoyl- and N-arylsulfonyl-p-benzoquinone-mono-imine ketals (QIKs) undergo smooth Diels-Alder cycloadditions with typical 1,3-butadienes to yield the expected endo adducts. Treatment with ...catalytic acid rapidly converts the adducts to dihydronaphthalenes. The N-benzoyl derivatives require high pressures for cycloadditions while the N-tosyl and N-nosyl derivatives proceed under thermal (ambient pressure) conditions. In all cases the cycloadditions are completely regioselective. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT Key words: Diels-Alder, quinone imine ketal, hyperbaric chemistry.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Identifying children’s views of their experience of hospitalization isessential to the development of appropriate services. Previous research has mainly concentrated on specific paediatric ...populations or negative aspects of their experience. This study had two aims. First, to investigate a broader range of experiences in a general paediatric population, and second, to determine the most effective way of obtaining the information. Schoolaged children (n = 213) from the paediatric wards of two district general hospitals completed one of four questionnaire types. The themes identified were generally positive and mainly related to the children’s physical surroundings. A verbal structured questionnaire was found to be themost efficient at obtaining the children’s views, whereas a visual structured questionnaire was the only method which recognized the children’s sequence of feelings before, during and after hospitalization.
In patients with Type I diabetes and healthy volunteers, ingestion of modest amounts of caffeine augments the usual symptomatic and counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycaemia. The aim of the ...present study was to determine whether these are lost with sustained caffeine use, i.e. does tolerance develop? Eleven healthy caffeine consumers underwent two identical hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp procedures. For 7 days prior to each clamp, subjects consumed a caffeine-free diet supplemented with 200 mg of caffeine capsules twice daily (caffeine-replete) or placebo (caffeine-withdrawn). During each clamp, blood glucose was held for 80 min at 4.5 mmol/l and then 2.5 mmol/l. At 85 min, subjects were given a 200 mg caffeine capsule. Measurements were taken of symptoms, plasma catecholamine, middle cerebral artery blood velocity (V(MCA)) and cognition. Following the acute caffeine challenge and during hypoglycaemia, V(MCA) fell only in the caffeine-withdrawn condition -5.1 (-7.3, -3.0) cm/s compared with -1.9 (-4.0, +0.2) cm/s in caffeine-replete condition; P <0.04; values are differences (95% confidence intervals). Plasma catecholamine levels and global cognitive performance were unaffected by caffeine status, whereas tests of executive intellectual function were better preserved during hypoglycaemia in the caffeine-replete condition ( P <0.05). The influence of caffeine on hypoglycaemic symptomatic awareness depended upon the duration of the hypoglycaemic stimulus. At onset, symptoms were more intense in caffeine-withdrawn state ( P <0.01); however, with increasing duration of hypoglycaemia, symptom intensity was greater in caffeine-replete condition ( P <0.05). Thus previous caffeine consumption influences the physiological and symptomatic responses to acute hypoglycaemia, but complete tolerance does not develop with sustained use.
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