Our aim was to examine the association of exposure to point-of-sale (POS) cigarette marketing for one's regular brand, as well as any brand of cigarettes, with the urge to buy cigarettes and ...frequency of impulse purchases of cigarettes.
Nine hundred ninety-nine smokers in Omaha, Nebraska were interviewed via telephone. Cigarette marketing was measured by asking respondents questions about noticing pack displays, advertisements, and promotions such as discounts for their regular brand as well as any brand of cigarettes in their neighborhoods stores. We measured urge to buy cigarettes with the question "When you are in a store in your neighborhood that sells tobacco products, how often do you get an urge to buy cigarettes?" We measured frequency of impulse purchases of cigarettes with the question "When you are shopping in a store in your neighborhood for something other than cigarettes, how often do you decide to buy cigarettes?" We estimated ordinary least squares linear regression models to address the study aim.
Higher levels of POS marketing for one's regular brand and any brands of cigarettes were associated with more frequent urges to buy (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) and impulse purchases of cigarettes (P = .01 and P = .013, respectively), after adjusting for covariates.
Exposure to POS marketing for one's own brand of cigarette as well as any brand is associated with urges to buy and impulse purchases of cigarettes.
Existing studies on the association of POS cigarette marketing with urge to buy and an impulse purchase of cigarettes only focus on cigarette pack displays, not on advertisements and promotions. Also, these studies make no distinction between marketing for the smokers' regular brand and any brand of cigarettes. This study found that Exposure to POS marketing for one's own brand of cigarette as well as any brand is associated with urges to buy and impulse purchases of cigarettes. Our findings can provide part of the evidence-base needed by the Food and Drug Administration or local authorities to regulate POS marketing.
Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare metabolic disorder that impacts physical, emotional, social, and cognitive functioning. The FCS-Symptom and Impact Scale (FCS-SIS) patient-reported ...outcome (PRO) measure assesses common symptoms and impacts of FCS. This study was conducted to evaluate cross-sectional psychometric properties of the FCS-SIS and its scoring method.
This multisite, cross-sectional, observational study of individuals with FCS was conducted in the United States and Canada. Participants completed a survey composed of 7 PRO measures, including the FCS-SIS, and questions about clinical characteristics and demographics. The structure of the FCS-SIS was evaluated using inter-item and item-scale correlations and internal consistency reliability. Construct, known-groups, and criterion validity were evaluated by examining associations between FCS-SIS item and composite scores and other measures included within the survey.
Most of the 33 participants were female (63.6%) and White (78.1%). On average, participants reported first noticing FCS symptoms at ~16 years, with abdominal pain the most frequently reported initial symptom (n=20). Participants reported 2.5 acute pancreatitis attacks on average over the past year. Average FCS-SIS symptom item scores ranged from 1.8 to 3.9 (on a 0-to-10 scale none-to-worst-possible) within the 24-hour recall period, with an average Symptom composite score of 2.7. The average impact item scores on the FCS-SIS ranged from 1.6 to 3.0 (on a 0-to-4 scale), with an average Impact composite score of 2.1. Inter-item correlations between the FCS-SIS Symptom items ranged from 0.32 to 0.78. Corrected item-total correlations were highly satisfactory for Impact items, ranging from 0.62 to 0.85. All a priori validity hypotheses were supported by observed correlations and score differences between known groups.
The results of this study support the structure, reliability, and validity of the FCS-SIS, laying the psychometric groundwork for longitudinal evaluation of its utility in assessing treatment benefit in FCS clinical studies.
The aim was to assess the association of exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco marketing with quit attempt and quit success in a prospective study of smokers in the United States. Data were ...collected via telephone-interview on exposure to POS tobacco marketing, sociodemographic and smoking-related variables from 999 smokers in Omaha, Nebraska, in the United States. Exposure to POS tobacco marketing was measured by asking respondents three questions about noticing pack displays, advertisements, and promotions in their respective neighborhoods stores. These three variables were combined into a scale of exposure to POS tobacco marketing. About 68% of the respondents participated in a six-month follow-up phone interview and provided data on quit attempts and smoking cessation. At the six-month follow-up, 39.9% of respondents reported to have made a quit attempt, and 21.8% of those who made a quit attempt succeeded in quitting. Exposure to POS marketing at baseline was not associated with the probability of having made a quit attempt as reported at the six-month follow-up (p = 0.129). However, higher exposure to POS marketing was associated with a lower probability of quit success among smokers who reported to have attempted to quit smoking at six-month follow-up (p = 0.006). Exposure to POS tobacco marketing is associated with lower chances of successfully quitting smoking. Policies that reduce the amount of exposure to POS marketing might result in higher smoking cessation rates.
Strict restrictions on outdoor cigarette marketing have resulted in increasing concentration of cigarette marketing at the point-of-sale (POS). The association between POS cigarette marketing and ...smoking-induced deprivation (SID) has never been studied. The aim of this study was to examine this association and how it is mediated by cravings to smoke, urges to buy cigarettes, and unplanned purchases of cigarettes.
Data from a telephone survey of 939 smokers were collected in Omaha, Nebraska. POS cigarette marketing was measured by asking respondents three questions about noticing pack displays, advertisements, and promotions such as cigarette price discounts within their respective neighborhoods. SID was measured with the following question: "In the last six months, has there been a time when the money you spent on cigarettes resulted in not having enough money for household essentials such as food? yes/no" We used structural equation modeling to examine the study aim.
There was overwhelming evidence for an association between higher levels of POS cigarette marketing and a higher probability of SID (p < 0.001). This association was partly mediated by cravings to smoke, urges to buy cigarettes, and unplanned purchases of cigarettes during a visit to a neighborhood store (p < 0.001).
Given that POS cigarette marketing is associated with a higher probability of experiencing SID, policies that ban POS cigarette marketing might help some smokers afford essentials household items such as food more easily and thus have better standards of living.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Diet is a major determinant of obesity; however, findings from the studies examining how dieting to lose weight affects weight gain have been inconclusive.
Purpose
Our aim was to examine ...the longitudinal association of frequency of dieting for weight loss with (a) obesity status and (b) body mass index (BMI) change.
Methods
We used data from Waves 9 (2009) and 10 (2010) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Binominal logistic regression estimated the association of frequency of dieting in 2009 on probability of obesity in 2010. Multinomial logistic regression estimated the association of frequency of dieting in 2009 on the probability of BMI gain versus BMI maintenance and BMI loss between 2009 and 2010. The analysis sample size was 8824.
Results
Compared to those who were never on a diet in the previous year, the odds of obesity were 1.9, 2.9, and 3.2 times higher among those who were on a diet once, more than once, and always, respectively. Similarly, the odds of BMI gain versus BMI maintenance and also versus BMI loss were higher among those who dieted than those who did not.
Conclusions
Dieting to lose weight can contribute to the risk of future obesity and weight gain. Losing weight requires a commitment to change one’s lifestyle and a sustained effort to maintain a healthy diet and engage in physical activity.
Objectives: To explore the relationship between daytime napping and incidence of chronic diseases over the past 6 months among adults in China. Methods: Based on data collected from 13,469 ...respondents over age 40 in the Chinese Family Panel Studies in 2010, logistic regression
models were estimated to examine the association between daytime napping and the incidence of any chronic diseases and 3 specific chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease) after adjusting for confounders. Differences of risks by sex and age were also investigated. Results:
In the sample, 50.8% were women and 32.2% were over 60 years old. Adjusted estimates show respondents with daytime napping had elevated odds of developing any chronic diseases, hypertension, and diabetes compared to those who did not nap; having over 60 minutes of daytime napping had weaker
association compared with shorter duration of daytime napping. The association between daytime napping and hypertension was found in women but not in men. Conclusions: Daytime napping appears to be associated with elevated risk of incidence of any chronic diseases, hypertension, and
diabetes.
Recent economic work suggests a role for personality traits in determining socioeconomic outcomes. Much of this work has considered labor market outcomes, human capital accumulation, and, to some ...extent, health outcomes. No economic studies have explored the role of the Big Five taxonomy in alcohol use and misuse. Given defining characteristics of the Big Five, they are plausibly linked with these outcomes. Alcohol misuse is associated with large social costs through healthcare costs, traffic fatalities, violence, and reduced labor market productivity. Thus, understanding risk factors for such use is warranted.
To investigate the associations between the Big Five, and measures of alcohol use and alcohol misuse.
We obtain data on older adults 50 years and older from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Our outcomes include one measure of use (any use) and two measures of misuse (heavy drinking and binge drinking). Comparing across different measures of alcohol consumption can shed light on whether the Big Five are related to moderate alcohol use that need not impose social costs or alcohol misuse that may indeed impose such costs. A randomly selected sub-set of respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire developed for the Midlife Development Inventory in either the 2006 or 2008 round of the HRS. We use information collected in this instrument to generate our independent variables of primary interest: agreeableness, openness, extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness traits.
We find that the Big Five personality traits are linked with measures of both alcohol use and alcohol misuse. We observe substantial heterogeneity in the associations by personality traits. Specifically, agreeableness is associated with increased risk for alcohol use/misuse while extraversion and openness are negatively associated with risk for these patterns of alcohol consumption. We find no evidence that neuroticism or contentiousness predict alcohol use and misuse. We identify heterogeneity in the associations across demographic characteristics.
We find associations between the Big Five and our measures of alcohol use and alcohol misuse. Our findings are subject to several data limitations, however. Although the Big Five personality taxonomy is well utilized, it has known limitations. Even in a survey as rich as the HRS, it is likely that we are unable to control for all important variables leading to omitted variable bias. Because we focus on a sample of older adults, the generalizability of our findings to other demographic groups is not clear.
Agreeableness is significantly associated with alcohol use and misuse, which could lead to greater utilization of healthcare services and thus increased costs to the healthcare system.
Healthcare providers should consider aspects of personality when developing and communicating treatment options. Moreover, psychology and economic work documents that interventions can alter aspects of personality even among older adults. Further research on and implementation of effective interventions may be warranted.
Future studies should examine the implications of personality for a broader range of outcomes. Survey administrators could consider including validated measures of personality in surveys to facilitate such research.
It has long been established that smoking has detrimental health effects on the human body and leads to early mortality. However, the evidence regarding the link between smoking behavior and ...cognitive function in old age is mixed. While nicotine has been shown to improve cognitive functioning in some medical studies, current smokers typically perform worse than non-smokers on cognitive tests in population based studies. We use the Health and Retirement Study to evaluate the role of unobserved factors in explaining these conflicting findings. Results from individual fixed effects models show that much of the lower cognitive function of current and former smokers relative to never smokers can be attributed to unobserved differences between these groups.
Previous research has identified obesity as a major contributor to healthcare costs among older adults. A limitation of this literature is its reliance on self-reported measures of weight and height, ...which may contain substantial error that can lead to bias in estimates of obesity prevalence and coefficients in healthcare utilization regressions.
This paper estimates the extent of reporting error in weight and height among older adults, and examines its implications for estimating healthcare costs within this population. Moreover, this paper is the first to apply methods to correct for reporting error in weight and height to an older adult sample, and examine the extent to which these methods reduce bias from reporting error. Previous research on reporting error in weight has focused on working-age adults, but older adults are likely to have different patterns of misreporting due to declines in cognition, changes in body composition, and other age-related factors.
We find substantial error in older adults’ reports of weight and height, and this error is neither classical nor independent of common regressors in econometric models. Use of self-reports leads to bias in estimates of mean BMI, obesity prevalence, coefficients in healthcare utilization regressions, and obesity-attributable healthcare costs. Correction algorithms can reduce but not eliminate bias, and in certain cases they can actually worsen bias. These findings have implications for accurate estimates of the impact of obesity on healthcare utilization and costs among older adults.
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