Neocortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-expressing interneurons are a subclass of vasoactive intestinal peptide (ChAT-VIP) neurons of which circuit and behavioural function are unknown. Here, we ...show that ChAT-VIP neurons directly excite neighbouring neurons in several layers through fast synaptic transmission of acetylcholine (ACh) in rodent medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Both interneurons in layers (L)1-3 as well as pyramidal neurons in L2/3 and L6 receive direct inputs from ChAT-VIP neurons mediated by fast cholinergic transmission. A fraction (10-20%) of postsynaptic neurons that received cholinergic input from ChAT-VIP interneurons also received GABAergic input from these neurons. In contrast to regular VIP interneurons, ChAT-VIP neurons did not disinhibit pyramidal neurons. Finally, we show that activity of these neurons is relevant for behaviour and they control attention behaviour distinctly from basal forebrain ACh inputs. Thus, ChAT-VIP neurons are a local source of cortical ACh that directly excite neurons throughout cortical layers and contribute to attention.
The basilar pontine nuclei (bPN) are known to receive excitatory input from the entire neocortex and constitute the main source of mossy fibers to the cerebellum. Various potential inhibitory ...afferents have been described, but their origin, synaptic plasticity, and network function have remained elusive. Here we identify the mesodiencephalic junction (MDJ) as a prominent source of monosynaptic GABAergic inputs to the bPN. We found no evidence that these inputs converge with motor cortex (M1) inputs at the single neuron or at the local network level. Tracing the inputs to GABAergic MDJ neurons revealed inputs to these neurons from neocortical areas. Additionally, we observed little short-term synaptic facilitation or depression in afferents from the MDJ, enabling MDJ inputs to carry sign-inversed neocortical inputs. Thus, our results show a prominent source of GABAergic inhibition to the bPN that could enrich input to the cerebellar granule cell layer.
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•The basilar pontine nuclei (bPN) receive input from the mesodiencephalic junction (MDJ)•MDJ input to bPN is GABAergic and monosynaptic•Individual basilar bPN neurons do not integrate inputs from the motor cortex and MDJ•MDJ inputs to bPN most likely represent recoded cortical inputs
Physiology; Neuroscience; Cell biology
Les hémorragies intracrâniennes représentent une entité non négligeable des urgences neurochirurgicale qui posent un problème à la fois diagnostic et thérapeutique, les étiologies sont multiples, ...parmi celles-ci on trouve les endocardites infectieuses. L´hémorragie intracrânienne constitue une complication rare de l´endocardite et elle est rarement décrite comme mode de révélation et change complétement le pronostic et par conséquence l´attitude thérapeutique. Nous allons décrire le cas d´une patiente de 18 ans avec un passé valvulaire qui s´est présenté aux urgences dans un tableau de trouble de la conscience fébrile en rapport avec un accident vasculaire hémorragique et chez laquelle les investigations diagnostiques ont identifié une endocardite infectieuse comme origine. Une symptomatologie fébrile chez un patient avec un passé valvulaire doit nous faire penser à une endocardite infectieuse car la découverte précoce peut changer considérablement le pronostic.
Sycamore seedlings were grown with their root systems divided equally between two containers. Water was withheld from one container while the other container was kept well-watered. Effects of soil ...drying on stomatal behaviour, shoot water status, and abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in roots, xylem sap and leaves were evaluated. At 3 d, root ABA in the drying container increased significantly, while the root ABA in the unstressed container of the same plants did not differ from that of the control. The increase in root ABA was associated with the increase in xylem sap ABA and with the decrease in stomatal conductance without any significant perturbation in shoot water status. At 7 d, despite the continuous increase in root ABA concentration, xylem sap ABA showed a marked decline when soil water content was depleted below 013 g g−1. This reduction in xylem sap ABA coincided with a partial recovery of stomatal conductance. The results indicate that xylem sap ABA is a function of root ABA as well as the flow rate of water from roots to shoots, and that this ABA can be a sensitive indicator to the shoot of the effect of soil drying.
Abstract The Freeman-Sheldon syndrome (FSS) is a rare congenital myopathy and dysplasia. The musculoskeletal and soft-tissue manifestations of FSS often require orthopedic and plastic reconstructive ...surgery. We report a case of a 7-year-old girl with FSS operated for lower limb malformation during spinal anesthesia.
A glasshouse experiment was conducted with well-watered and water-stressed seedlings of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) grown in soil columns. Water was withheld when the seedlings were 82-d-old. ...Effects of soil drying on stomatal behaviour, water relations, xylem cavitation, and growth of leaves and roots were evaluated. Stomatal conductance declined well before any observable change in bulk leaf water potentials, and was correlated with soil water status. At seven weeks, osmotic potential had declined by 0·51 MPa and 0·44 MPa at full and zero turgor, respectively. Drought significantly increased both bulk elastic modulus and leaf dry weight to turgid weight ratio of water-stressed plants. Drought had no effect on relative water content at zero turgor. Water cavitation in the xylem was detected as ultrasonic acoustic emissions (AE). Water-stressed plants displayed significantly higher rates of AE than well-watered plants. Maximum rate of AE coincided with the minimum level of stomatal conductance and apparent rehydration of the leaves. Drought caused changes in the root distribution profile and it increased the root weight. The increase in root weight was mainly due to a substantial shift in assimilates allocated in favour of roots with total biomass being unaffected. Leaf growth was maintained for six weeks without any significant decline in expansion rate. However, the development of severe water stress reduced both leaf production and expansion.
Le burn out ou syndrome d’épuisement professionnel est consécutif à l’exposition à un stress professionnel chronique. Les anesthésistes réanimateurs sont exposés à ce risque. Le but de ce travail est ...d’évaluer la prévalence du syndrome d’épuisement professionnel et de rechercher les facteurs de risque chez les praticiens et les infirmiers dans des services d’anesthésie réanimation de quatre CHU marocains.
Il s’agit d’une étude multicentrique transversale réalisée auprès des praticiens et infirmiers travaillant dans des services d’anesthésie réanimation des quatre centres hospitaliers universitaires du Maroc. Les soignants ont été librement et anonymement sollicités pour remplir un auto-questionnaire associant des variables sociodémographiques et professionnelles ; la seconde partie correspondait à la version française du Maslach Burn out Inventory.
Les scores élevés d’épuisement émotionnel, de dépersonnalisation et bas d’accomplissement personnel étaient observés respectivement chez 48 %, 21 % et 43 % des personnes interrogées, correspondant à un score élevé d’épuisement professionnel de 70 % dans la population des soignants. En analyse multivariée, les médecins résidents et les infirmiers étaient les plus exposés. L’organisation défaillante des services, la crainte de l’erreur médicale ainsi que le salaire non satisfaisant étaient associés à un risque relatif d’épuisement professionnel respectivement de 1,88 ; 2,09 et 1,93.
L’épuisement professionnel est une réalité en anesthésie réanimation. La mise en place de stratégies préventives, une meilleure organisation du travail et la valorisation du soignant marocain semblent indispensables.
Burn out syndrome consists in physical and mental exhaustion observed in professionals whose work involves continuous contact with other people in response to chronic stress. Healthcare providers in intensive care units are exposed to this risk. Our objective is to assess the prevalence and identify risk factors of burn out among the medical and paramedical staff in intensive care unit.
A multicenter analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among practitioners in four Anesthesia and Intensive Care units in Moroccan University Hospitals. The Maslach Burn out Inventory and a general questionnaire on demographic and professional variables data were used.
High scores for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and low score for professional accomplishment were observed in, respectively, 48%, 21% and 43% of cases corresponding to a high score of burn out of 70%. In multivariate analysis, resident physicians and nurses were most at risk of burn out. Disorganization of work, fear of malpractice and the unsatisfactory salaries were associated to a relative risk of burn out respectively of 1.88, 2.09 and 1.93.
This study documents evidences of burn out syndrome in healthcare providers working in intensive care units, preventive strategies are therefore required based on an improvement in the organization of care.
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