FDA recently approved a 3D-printed drug product in August 2015, which is indicative of a new chapter for pharmaceutical manufacturing. This review article summarizes progress with 3D printed drug ...products and discusses process development for solid oral dosage forms.
3D printing is a layer-by-layer process capable of producing 3D drug products from digital designs. Traditional pharmaceutical processes, such as tablet compression, have been used for decades with established regulatory pathways. These processes are well understood, but antiquated in terms of process capability and manufacturing flexibility. 3D printing, as a platform technology, has competitive advantages for complex products, personalized products, and products made on-demand. These advantages create opportunities for improving the safety, efficacy, and accessibility of medicines.
Although 3D printing differs from traditional manufacturing processes for solid oral dosage forms, risk-based process development is feasible. This review highlights how product and process understanding can facilitate the development of a control strategy for different 3D printing methods.
Overall, the authors believe that the recent approval of a 3D printed drug product will stimulate continual innovation in pharmaceutical manufacturing technology. FDA encourages the development of advanced manufacturing technologies, including 3D-printing, using science- and risk-based approaches.
Schematic of an inkjet 3D printing process. Display omitted
The problem of laminar fluid flow which results from the stretching of a flat surface in a nanofluid has been investigated numerically. This is the first paper on stretching sheet in nanofluids. The ...model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. A similarity solution is presented which depends on the Prandtl number
Pr, Lewis number
Le, Brownian motion number
Nb and thermophoresis number
Nt. The variation of the reduced Nusselt and reduced Sherwood numbers with
Nb and
Nt for various values of
Pr and
Le is presented in tabular and graphical forms. It was found that the reduced Nusselt number is a decreasing function of each dimensionless number, while the reduced Sherwood number is an increasing function of higher
Pr and a decreasing function of lower
Pr number for each
Le,
Nb and
Nt numbers.
Display omitted
•The level of Zn, Pb, and Cd were found higher than the background values in soil.•The amount of Cd and Pb were exceeding the safe limit in fenugreek and spinach.•Transfer factor ...showed the potential accumulation of Mn from soil to vegetables.•The THQ of Cd, Mn, and Pb for fenugreek and spinach was higher than the unity.•Leafy vegetables accumulated higher contents of heavy metals than fruit vegetables.
This study determined the heavy metals (HMs) accumulation in different vegetables in different seasons and attributed a serious health hazard to human adults due to the consumption of such vegetables in Jhansi. The total amounts of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), and cadmium (Cd) were analysed in 28 composite samples of soil and vegetables (Fenugreek, spinach, eggplant, and chilli) collected from seven agricultural fields. The transfer factor (TF) of HMs from soil to analysed vegetables was calculated, and significant non-carcinogenic health risks due to exposure to analysed heavy metals via consumption of these vegetables were computed. The statistical analysis involving Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson's correlation matrix suggested that anthropogenic activities were a major source of HMs in the study areas. The target hazard quotient of Cd, Mn, and Pb for fenugreek (2.156, 2.143, and 2.228, respectively) and spinach (3.697, 3.509, 5.539, respectively) exceeded the unity, indicating the high possibilities of non-carcinogenic health risks if regularly consumed by human beings. This study strongly suggests the continuous monitoring of soil, irrigation water, and vegetables to prohibit excessive accumulation in the food chain.
Aging causes gradual changes in free radicals, antioxidants, and immune-imbalance in the elderly. This study aims to understand links among aging, gluco-oxidative stress, and autoantibodies in ...asymptomatic individuals. In vitro glycation of human serum albumin (Gly-HSA) induces appreciable biochemical changes. Significant inhibition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation was achieved using garlic extract (53.75%) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea (72.5%). Increased amounts of serum carbonyl content (2.42 ± 0.5) and pentosidine (0.0321 ± 0.0029) were detected in IV-S (S represent smokers) vs. IV group individuals. Direct binding ELISA results exhibited significantly high autoantibodies against Gly-HSA in group IV-S (0.55 ± 0.054;
< 0.001) and III-S (0.40 ± 0.044;
< 0.01) individuals as compared to the age matched subjects who were non-smokers (group IV and III). Moreover, high average percent inhibition (51.3 ± 4.1%) was obtained against Gly-HSA in IV-S group individuals. Apparent association constant was found to be high for serum immunoglobulin-G (IgG) from group IV-S (1.18 × 10
M) vs. serum IgG from IV group (3.32 × 10
M). Aging induced gluco-oxidative stress and AGEs formation may generate neo-epitopes on blood-proteins, contributing to production of autoantibodies in the elderly, especially smokers. Use of anti-glycation natural products may reduce age-related pathophysiological changes.
.
The main object of the present paper is to examine and compare the improvement of flow and heat transfer characteristics between a rotating nanofluid and a newly discovered hybrid nanofluid in the ...presence of velocity slip and thermal slip. The influence of thermal radiation is also included in the present study. The system after applying the similarity transformations is solved numerically by using the bvp-4c scheme. Additionally, numerical calculations for the coefficient of skin friction and local Nusselt number are introduced and perused for germane parameters. The comparison between water, nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid on velocity and temperature is also visualized. It is observed that the velocity and temperature distributions are decreasing functions of the slip parameter. Temperature is boosted by thermal radiation and rotation. It is found that the heat transfer rate of the hybrid nanofluid is higher as compared to the traditional nanofluid.
Graphical abstract
Taste of Fat: A Sixth Taste Modality? Besnard, Philippe; Passilly-Degrace, Patricia; Khan, Naim A
Physiological reviews,
01/2016, Letnik:
96, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
An attraction for palatable foods rich in lipids is shared by rodents and humans. Over the last decade, the mechanisms responsible for this specific eating behavior have been actively studied, and ...compelling evidence implicates a taste component in the orosensory detection of dietary lipids i.e., long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), in addition to textural, olfactory, and postingestive cues. The interactions between LCFA and specific receptors in taste bud cells (TBC) elicit physiological changes that affect both food intake and digestive functions. After a short overview of the gustatory pathway, this review brings together the key findings consistent with the existence of a sixth taste modality devoted to the perception of lipids. The main steps leading to this new paradigm (i.e., chemoreception of LCFA in TBC, cell signaling cascade, transfer of lipid signals throughout the gustatory nervous pathway, and their physiological consequences) will be critically analyzed. The limitations to this concept will also be discussed in the light of our current knowledge of the sense of taste. Finally, we will analyze the recent literature on obesity-related dysfunctions in the orosensory detection of lipids ("fatty" taste?), in relation to the overconsumption of fat-rich foods and the associated health risks.
In this study the peristaltic motion of Oldroyd fluid in an asymmetric channel is investigated. Mathematical analysis has been carried out in the presence of an inclined magnetic field. Heat transfer ...is also taken into account. The physical problem is first modeled and then the analytical solutions of coupled equations are developed by regular perturbation method. Assumptions of long wavelength approximation are used. Effects of inclined magnetic field on the axial velocity and temperature are presented. Physical features of pertinent parameters such as wave number δ, Reynolds number Re, Weissenberg number Wi, Prandtl number Pr and Hartmann number M are also discussed graphically at the end of the paper.
•This paper analyses heat transfer and inclined magnetic effects in peristaltic motion of Oldroyd fluid.•An asymmetric channel under long wavelength approximation is considered.•Regular perturbation method is used to find analytical solutions.•Effects of sundry parameters are presented through graphs.
This paper analyzes the combined effects of buoyancy force, convective heating, Brownian motion, thermophoresis and magnetic field on stagnation point flow and heat transfer due to nanofluid flow ...towards a stretching sheet. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and then tackled numerically using the Runge–Kutta fourth order method with shooting technique. Numerical results are obtained for dimensionless velocity, temperature, nanoparticle volume fraction, as well as the skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. The results indicate that dual solutions exist for shrinking case. The effects of various controlling parameters on these quantities are investigated. It is found that both the skin friction coefficient and the local Sherwood number decrease while the local Nusselt number increases with increasing intensity of buoyancy force.
Melanoma is considered a fatal type of skin cancer. However, it is sometimes hard to distinguish it from nevus due to their identical visual appearance and symptoms. The mortality rate because of ...this disease is higher than all other skin-related consolidated malignancies. The number of cases is growing among young people, but if it is diagnosed at an earlier stage, then the survival rates become very high. The cost and time required for the doctors to diagnose all patients for melanoma are very high. In this paper, we propose an intelligent system to detect and distinguish melanoma from nevus by using the state-of-the-art image processing techniques. At first, the Gaussian filter is used for removing noise from the skin lesion of the acquired images followed by the use of improved K-mean clustering to segment out the lesion. A distinctive hybrid superfeature vector is formed by the extraction of textural and color features from the lesion. Support vector machine (SVM) is utilized for the classification of skin cancer into melanoma and nevus. Our aim is to test the effectiveness of the proposed segmentation technique, extract the most suitable features, and compare the classification results with the other techniques present in the literature. The proposed methodology is tested on the DERMIS dataset having a total number of 397 skin cancer images: 146 are melanoma and 251 are nevus skin lesions. Our proposed methodology archives encouraging results having 96% accuracy.
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