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This study was aimed to design and synthesize hybrid analogues of benzoxazole bearing thiosemicarbazide analogues 1–15 as promising β-Glucuronidase inhibitory activity using ...D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone as the reference inhibitor. The newly afforded benzoxazole-thiosemicarbazide compounds 1–15 displayed a broad range of inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging from 20.58 ± 2.46 to 87.89 ± 8.43 μM, as compared to D-saccharic acid 1,4-lactone (IC50 = 59.5 ± 5.36 μM). Among the synthesized series, the compounds 14, 2, and 5 demonstrated outstanding β-Glucuronidase inhibitory potential with IC50 values of 20.58 ± 2.46, 25.24 ± 2.34 and 24.53 ± 2.53 μM respectively. Further, the precise structures of synthesized analogues were confirmed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HREIMS. Additionally, the molecular docking approach was employed to correlate the in vitro β-Glucuronidase inhibitory activity well with in silico study and result obtained corroborated that active analogues established several key interactions with the active sites of β-Glucuronidase enzyme.
Phenotypic variation in peach tree and fruit characteristic was investigated using 7 desirable cultivars, namely A669, Texas y-455, Florida King, Arctic Fantacy, Spring Creast, Micholea and Swanee. ...All cultivars were grown at the Experimental Peach Block at Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), Chakwal, Punjab-Pakistan. Tree traits such as growth habit, leaf characteristics, flower characteristics, morphological and biochemical fruit traits were evaluated by using IBPGR peach descriptors. Extensive variation was found among the cultivars for various traits, including tree growth (weeping, compact or open whereas), leaf length (9.0 ± 0.8 to 12.0 ± 0.4 cm), leaf width (2.6 ± 0.1 to 3.3 ± 0.2 cm), fruit weight (45.6 ±3.3 to 107 ± 8.8 g) and stone weight (4.3 ± 0.2 to 7.5 ± 0.4 g). Besides, a significant variation among the various cultivars has also been observed regarding, titratable acidity (0.64 ± 0.02 to 1.19 ± 0.04%), °Brix (7.17 ± 0.62 to 11.27 ± 0.21), ripening index (6.02 ± 0.72 to 17.2 ± 0.44), Vitamin C (75.3 ± 15 to 116.1 ± 10.5 mg 100 g-1), total sugar (13.52 ± 0.50 to 20.84 ± 1.23%), reducing sugar (5.68 ± 0.11 to 7.25 ± 0.51%), non-reducing sugar (4.12 ± 0.45 to 10.77 ± 0.8%), total phenolics (176.20 ± 7.18 to 317.72 ± 4.66 mg GAE 100 g-1), radical scavenging activity (44.25 ± 0.28 to 78.17 ± 1.43%) and reducing power (0.12 ± 0.1 to 0.22 ± 0.03). Similarly, a significant correlation was noticed between many tested traits.
Background
Dengue is a major public health threat since 2005 in Pakistan. Because of their rapid expansion and long duration, dengue epidemics reduce the productive capacity and economic development ...of many sections of society. Evaluation is an important step of the planning cycle to improve the utilization of resources.
Objective
The overall objective of the study is to assess how quickly the system can detect epidemics and to measure the capacity of the system to monitor trends in its geographical distribution over time.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2019 in Islamabad, Pakistan. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of system attributes were carried out according to updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for evaluating public health surveillance systems for 2001. Stakeholders were identified and approached. Four different types of semistructured questionnaires were prepared for each level of stakeholders.
Results
Simplicity was good, and case definition was uniform and easily understandable. Flexibility was poor, and the system was not capable of incorporating changes. Timeliness was excellent in terms of case reporting as well as case response by relevant stakeholders. Data entry operators were few but expert in their work; however, the quality of data remained a challenge as 40% forms were deficient in demographic and clinical information. Acceptability by the workers as well as the population was good. Sensitivity was high (87%). The predictive value positive (PVP) was excellent (76%). Stability was good in terms of finances and logistics, whereas representativeness was insufficient (only 30%).
Conclusions
The overall performance of the surveillance system for dengue in Islamabad is excellent in terms of sensitivity and the PVP. Timeliness is excellent, and acceptability is good, whereas representativeness is poor. Coverage of the system needs to be extended and private setups and laboratories included. Feedback being an important aspect of the planning cycle needs improvement.
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of vitamin E supplementation on humoral immunity against Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in goats to sort out better ...immunogenic approach. This study was conducted on total of 36 healthy animal of equal number of rabbits and goats. Each species was divided randomly into three equal (n=6) groups. Group A was supplemented vitamin E and group B was without vitamin E supplementation in both species. Animals of both groups were vaccinated with enterotoxaemia vaccine. Group C was kept as negative control in both rabbits and goats. The immune titer against C. perfringens type D was evaluated on 0, 7, 14, 28th and 60th day of vaccination with indirect haemagglutination test (IHA). The results showed significantly higher (P< 0.05) immune titer in vitamin E supplemented animals groups against C. perfringens type D epsilon toxin.
The authors conducted formative research (a) to identify stakeholders' concerns related to typhoid fever and the need for disease information and (b) to develop a communication strategy to inform ...stakeholders and address their concerns and motivate for support of a school-based vaccination program in Pakistan. Data were collected during interactive and semi-structured focus group discussions and interviews, followed by a qualitative analysis and multidisciplinary consultative process to identify an effective social mobilization strategy comprised of relevant media channels and messages. The authors conducted 14 focus group discussions with the parents of school-aged children and their teachers, and 13 individual interviews with school, religious, and political leaders. Parents thought that typhoid fever was a dangerous disease, but were unsure of their children's risk. They were interested in vaccination and were comfortable with a school-based vaccination if conducted under the supervision of trained and qualified staff. Teachers and leaders needed information on typhoid fever, the vaccine, procedures, and sponsors of the vaccination program. Meetings were considered the best form of information dissemination, followed by printed materials and mass media. This study shows how qualitative research findings can be translated into an effective social mobilization and communication approach. The findings of the research indicated the importance of increasing awareness of typhoid fever and the benefits of vaccination against the disease. Identification and dissemination of relevant, community-based disease and vaccination information will increase demand and use of vaccination.
SURGICAL SITE INFECTION Faraz, Ahmad; Hameed, Abdul; Bari, Fazal ...
The professional medical journal,
03/2015, Letnik:
22, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Ceftriaxone is used in wide range of day to day microbial infections in clinicalpractice3. Despite the incumbent drug regulating authority in Pakistan, there is scanty literaturecomparing the ...anti-microbial efficacy of different available brands of ceftriaxone. Objectives:To know the in-vitro activity of various brands of ceftriaxone against bacteria most commonlyisolated from surgical site infection (SSI). A comparison of five days cost of these brands willalso be done. Design: Experimental study. Period: Feb 2013 to Aug 2013 Setting: Surgical“C” unit Lady Reading Hospital (LRH) in collaboration with departments of pharmacologyKhyber Girls Medical College (KGMC) and microbiology department of Lady Reading HospitalPeshawar. Material & Methods: Isolates of five bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Proteusmirabilis, Escherischia coli, enterobacter Spp, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, found sensitive toceftriaxone were grown on 50 slops each and the zone of inhibition was checked for each ofthe ten brands of ceftriaxone. Results: The zones of inhibitions of different brands of ceftriaxoneagainst the above mentioned bacteria were not significantly different. The cost of therapy wassignificantly different for ten brands. Conclusions: Various brands of ceftriaxone of variablecost had no influence on their activity against bacteria involved in SSI.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of cases in which patients were diagnosed with lumber spinal stenosis using MRI and later were categorized as having spondylolisthesis when ...evaluated through plain X-rays. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Ali Institute of Neurosciences, Irfan General Hospital from 2017 to 2022. All those patients were included in the study who underwent lumbar spine MRI between 2017 and 2022 with evident findings of spinal stenosis, patients who subsequently underwent plain X-rays of the lumbar spine, and patients with available medical records and imaging data for review. While all those were excluded who did not undergo plain X-rays following MRI. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics, such as frequencies and percentages, were used to summarize the categorical data while mean and standard deviation were reported for numerical data. Results: The mean age of the study population was 45 years, with a range from 26 to 65. Among the patients included in the study (1156), 380 were the cases missed initially on MRI and later diagnosed with spondylolisthesis on plain X-rays. This corresponds to a frequency of 33% of misdiagnosed spondylolisthesis cases based on MRI. Conclusion: This study highlights that the frequency of missed spondylolisthesis cases on lumbar spine MRI was one-third of the cases and the importance of additional imaging modalities, such as plain X-rays, for accurate diagnosis.
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