The coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is now a global concern because of its higher transmission capacity and associated adverse consequences including death. The reproductive number of coronavirus provides ...an estimate of the possible extent of the transmission. This study aims to provide a summary reproductive number of coronavirus based on available global level evidence.
A total of three databases were searched on September 15, 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The searches were conducted using a pre-specified search strategy to record studies reported the reproductive number of coronavirus from its inception in December 2019. It includes keywords of coronavirus and its reproductive number, which were combined using the Boolean operators (AND, OR). Based on the included studies, we estimated a summary reproductive number by using the meta-analysis. We used narrative synthesis to explain the results of the studies where the reproductive number was reported, however, were not possible to include in the meta-analysis because of the lack of data (mostly due to confidence interval was not reported).
Total of 42 studies included in this review whereas 29 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated summary reproductive number was 2.87 (95% CI, 2.39-3.44). We found evidence of very high heterogeneity (99.5%) of the reproductive number reported in the included studies. Our sub-group analysis was found the significant variations of reproductive number across the country for which it was estimated, method and model that were used to estimate the reproductive number, number of case that was considered to estimate the reproductive number, and the type of reproductive number that was estimated. The highest reproductive number was reported for the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship in Japan (14.8). In the country-level, the higher reproductive number was reported for France (R, 6.32, 95% CI, 5.72-6.99) following Germany (R, 6.07, 95% CI, 5.51-6.69) and Spain (R, 3.56, 95% CI, 1.62-7.82). The higher reproductive number was reported if it was estimated by using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) method and the Epidemic curve model. We also reported significant heterogeneity of the type of reproductive number- a high-value reported if it was the time-dependent reproductive number.
The estimated summary reproductive number indicates an exponential increase of coronavirus infection in the coming days. Comprehensive policies and programs are important to reduce new infections as well as the associated adverse consequences including death.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Misconception related to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) have been spread out broadly and the the World Health Organization declared these as a major challenge to fight against the pandemic. This ...study aimed to assess COVID-19 related misconception among rural people in Bangladesh and associated socio-demographic and media related factors. Multistage sampling method was used to collect data (n = 210) from three unions of Satkhira District, Bangladesh. The dependent variable was the presence of COVID-19 related misconception (Yes, No) which was generated based on respondents' responses to a set of six questions on various types of misconception. Exposure variables were respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, mass media and social media exposure. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of the respondents. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with COVID-19 misconception. More than half of the study respondents had one or more COVID-19 related misconception. Over 50% of the total respondents considered this disease as a punishment from God. Besides, many of the respondents reported that they do not think the virus causing COVID-19 is dangerous (59%) and it is a disease (19%). Around 7% reported they believe the virus is the part of a virus war (7.2%). The bivariate analysis found the presence of socio-demographic factors of the respondents, as well as the factors related to social and mass media, were significantly associated with the COVID-19's misconception. However, once all factors considered together in the multivariate model, misconception were found to be lower among secondary (AOR, 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.84) and tertiary (AOR, 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09-0.92) educated respondents compared to the respondents with primary education. This study obtained a very higher percentage of misconception about the COVID-19 among the respondents of Satkhira district in Bangladesh. This could be a potential challenge to fight against this pandemic which is now ongoing. Prioritizing mass and social media to disseminate evidence-based information as well as educate people about this disease are necessary.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) burden has frequently been changing over time due to epidemiological and demographic transitions. To safeguard people, particularly women of reproductive age, ...who can be exposed to transmitting this burden to the next generation, knowledge regarding this life-threatening virus needs to be increased. This research intends to identify the trends and associated correlates of "low" HIV knowledge among ever-married women of reproductive age in Bangladesh from 1996 to 2014.
We analyzed data derived from six surveys of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 1996, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2014. Analyses were primarily restricted to ever-married women aged 15-49 years who had ever heard of HIV. The correlates of "low" HIV knowledge were investigated using multiple binary logistic regression models.
The study found that the proportion of women with "low" HIV knowledge decreased from 72% in 1996 to 58% in 2014. In adjusted models, age at first marriage, level of education, wealth quintile, and place of residence (except in the survey year 2011) were found to be potential correlates of "low" HIV knowledge in all survey years. In the pooled analysis, we found lower odds of "low" HIV knowledge in the survey years 1999 (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.78), 2004 (AOR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.70), 2007 (AOR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.60), 2011 (AOR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.42) and 2014 (AOR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.54) compared to the survey year 1996.
The proportion of "low" HIV knowledge has declined over time, although the proportion of women with "low" HIV knowledge still remains high. The prevention of early marriage, the inclusion of HIV-related topics in the curricula, reduction of disparities between urban-rural and the poorest-richest groups may help to improve the level of HIV knowledge among ever-married Bangladeshi women.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•The combined effect of buoyancy and flow approach angle (a) on VIV of an elastically mounted square cylinder is investigated.•An arbitrary lagrangian-euler (ALE) approach models the fluid-structure ...interaction. The coupled fluid-structure interaction problem in two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) was solved using a high-fidelity finite difference-based solver.•Different vortex shedding modes 2S, 2S*, P + S and 2P are also observed in the study.•The lock-in heat transfer higher rate was shown to be higher in comparison to initial and lower branch.
In this work, a comprehensive numerical investigation of the combined effect of buoyancy and flow approach angle (α) on vortex-induced vibration of an elastically mounted square cylinder at a fixed Reynolds number, Re = 100, Prandtl number (Pr = 7.1) and mass ratio (Mred) of 2 is conducted. Extensive numerical experiments were carried out for different flow approach angles (α = 0°-90°) and for various reduced velocities (Ured = 3–25) at Richardson number, Ri = 0, 0.25 and 0.50. The Arbitrary Lagrangian-Euler (ALE) approach models the solid-fluid interaction. The coupled fluid-structure interaction problem in two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) was solved using a high-fidelity finite difference-based solver. The Lock-in regime was found to be fixed, between Ured = 5 and 6, for all flow approach angles irrespective of Ri. For all flows other than transverse flow, the reduced frequency is found to be equal in both directions (fx=fy) but in the transverse situation, (α=90°), reduced frequency in the x-direction is twice that of the y-direction for all reduced velocities (Ured). Different vortex shedding modes 2S, 2S*, P + S and 2P are also observed in the study. The average coefficient of drag (C¯D) and Nusselt number (N¯u) was found to peak at α = 45° for all Ured. It was also found that as α is increased, C¯DandN¯u increases due to larger heated surface area exposure to the fluid particles. When Ri increases, C¯DandN¯u increases at a α due to the higher heat transfer rate. Highest value of N¯u is observed for Ured = 6, α = 45° at Ri = 0.5.
An algorithm based on Thomson's multitaper spectral estimation and harmonic analysis techniques is proposed for the detection and frequency estimation of periodic forced oscillations in a power ...system. Unlike traditional periodogram-based techniques, the method does not rely on true ambient noise spectrum of the system, and can operate continuously in an online environment without requiring any system knowledge except synchrophasor measurements. It compares a test statistic derived from only measurements against a threshold, and the threshold is established from general expressions of the test statistic's distribution and the probability of false alarm. Performance of the detector is explicitly expressed using probability of detection expression, and evaluated using simulation studies. Results upon application of this algorithm to field measured synchrophasor data suggest usability of the technique for forced oscillation detection in practical monitoring of the power system.
Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most notorious fungal pathogens that causes blast disease in cereals, and results in enormous loss of grain production. Many chemical fungicides are being used to ...control the pathogen but none of them are fully effective in controlling blast disease. Therefore, there is a demand for the discovery of a new natural biofungicide to manage the blast disease efficiently. A large number of new natural products showed inhibitory activities against M. oryzae in vitro. To find out effective biofungicides, we performed in silico molecular docking analysis of some of the potent natural compounds targeting four enzymes namely, scytalone dehydratase, SDH1 (PDB ID:1STD), trihydroxynaphthalene reductase, 3HNR (PDB ID:1YBV), trehalose-6-phosphate synthase, Tps1 (PDB ID:6JBI) and isocitrate lyase, ICL1 (PDB ID:5E9G) of M. oryzae fungus that regulate melanin biosynthesis and/or appresorium formation. Thirty-nine natural compounds that were previously reported to inhibit the growth of M. oryzae were subjected to rigid and flexible molecular docking against aforementioned enzymes followed by molecular dynamic simulation. The results of virtual screening showed that out of 39, eight compounds showed good binding energy with any one of the target enzymes as compared to reference commercial fungicides, azoxystrobin and strobilurin. Among the compounds, camptothecin, GKK1032A2 and chaetoviridin-A bind with more than one target enzymes of M. oryzae. All of the compounds except tricyclazole showed good bioactivity score. Taken together, our results suggest that all of the eight compounds have the potential to develop new fungicides, and remarkably, camptothecin, GKK1032A2 and chaetoviridin-A could act as multi-site mode of action fungicides against the blast fungus M. oryzae.
The stagnation and relatively low use of modern contraceptives are ongoing public health concerns in Bangladesh and other low- and middle-income countries. Although a cultural preference for sons may ...be linked to the current use of contraceptives, this linkage has not been adequately explored in the Bangladesh context. We investigated the effects of child sex composition on the current use of modern contraceptives.
We extracted and analysed data from 17,333 women who participated in the 2017/18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. The outcome variable was the current use of modern contraceptive methods. The study factor was the parity and sex composition of the living children. We used multilevel logistic regressions to determine the association between the study factor and outcome variables, adjusting for potential covariates at the individual-, household-, and community-levels.
Women with relatively high parity had higher odds of currently using modern contraceptives. Among the individual parities, compared to women with no live sons, women with one or more live sons were more likely to report currently using modern contraceptives. However, this association is significant for women up to three children. When examining both parity and children's sex composition in a regression model, in each parity category, the likelihood of using modern contraceptives tend to rise with an increasing number of sons compared to women with just one daughter.
The findings of this study suggest that while the use of modern contraceptives by women increases with the increasing number of children and son preference is prevalent in Bangladesh, women also want to have a mixed composition of son and daughter. The study findings can be used in family planning programmes to customise contraceptive promotion and counselling messages.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Key message
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) modulates various defense systems in plants and confers abiotic stress tolerance.
Enhancement of crop production is a challenge due to numerous abiotic ...stresses such as, salinity, drought, temperature, heavy metals, and UV. Plants often face one or more abiotic stresses in their life cycle because of the challenging growing environment which results in reduction of growth and yield. Diverse studies have been conducted to discern suitable mitigation strategies to enhance crop production by minimizing abiotic stress. Exogenous application of different plant growth regulators is a well-renowned approach to ameliorate adverse effects of abiotic stresses on crop plants. Among the numerous plant growth regulators, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a novel plant growth regulator, also well-known to alleviate the injurious effects of abiotic stresses in plants. ALA enhances abiotic stress tolerance as well as growth and yield by regulating photosynthetic and antioxidant machineries and nutrient uptake in plants. However, the regulatory roles of ALA in plants under different stresses have not been studied and assembled systematically. Also, ALA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms have not been fully elucidated yet. Therefore, this review discusses the role of ALA in crop growth enhancement as well as its ameliorative role in abiotic stress mitigation and also discusses the ALA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and its limitation and future promises for sustainable crop production.
Background. Diabetic mellitus is a vision-threatening disease because it causes diabetic retinopathy worldwide. The main focus of this research is to determine the prevalence and assess the visual ...outcome in diabetic retinopathy and macular edema patients by injecting Bevacizumab clinically. Methods. This hospital-based trial case was conducted in Khulna BNSB Eye Hospital, Bangladesh. This study is based on a prospective cohort with a population of macular edema in 41 eyes of 25 diabetic patients, of whom 94 were diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy in 320 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The treating physician inserts 1.25mg (0.05ml) into the patient's eye. We have used optical coherence tomography (OCT) and colour fundus photography (CFP) for an eye check performed on all patients before and after the injection of Bevacizumab. The method results analyze the effects of the technique using IBM SPSS 25. Results. The study population selected 25 patients with 41 eyes for clinical investigation by injection of Bevacizumab. The net effects of this study on five eyes with macular edema were entirely resolved. It was BCVA from 6/6 to 6/9. The 29 eyes were partially resolved, which is called improved visual acuity, and BCVA was 6/12 to 6/60. In the case of seven eyes, we found that the vision did not change before or after the Avastin injection. No change was seen in seven eyes of macular edema due to the effects of the Avastin injection before and after. Conclusions. In clinical trial-based research, Bevacizumab (Avastin) is best effective for diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) patients.
Due to the highly competitive marketing economy, for different kinds of products’ related suppliers confer various incentives to their respective retailers with certain terms and conditions. Even ...though suppliers may require advance payments before delivering their products, they incentivize the scheme by offering instant price-discounts, maybe with some other additional benefits and we have constructed an inventory-model consisting of two-warehouses mathematically with deteriorating products. In this proposed model, the suppliers offer some price-discounts for advance payments made by their retailers. As advance payments put a constraint on the capital position of the retailers, the retailers meanwhile, enjoy some delay in the final payment of the rest amount which acts as a booster for their business. A partially backlogged shortage is allowed and its rate is considered to be dependent on the duration of waiting time from the replenishment of a lot to the arrival of the next lot. Finally, a numerical example is performed for validation of the suggested model.
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