Regulation of innate immunity by NADPH oxidase Segal, Brahm H.; Grimm, Melissa J.; Khan, A. Nazmul H. ...
Free radical biology & medicine,
07/2012, Letnik:
53, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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NADPH oxidase is a critical regulator of both antimicrobial host defense and inflammation. Activated in nature by microbes and microbial-derived products, the phagocyte NADPH oxidase is rapidly ...assembled, and generates reactive oxidant intermediates (ROIs) in response to infectious threat. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder of the NADPH oxidase characterized by recurrent and severe bacterial and fungal infections, and pathology related to excessive inflammation. Studies in CGD patients and CGD mouse models indicate that NADPH oxidase plays a key role in modulating inflammation and injury that is distinct from its antimicrobial function. The mechanisms by which NADPH oxidase mediates killing of pathogens and regulation of inflammation have broad relevance to our understanding of normal physiological immune responses and pathological states, such as acute lung injury and bacterial or fungal infections.
► NADPH oxidase is the major source of reactive oxidants in activated phagocytes. ► CGD, a disorder of NADPH oxidase, is characterized by infections and inflammation. ► NADPH oxidase is a critical mediator of antimicrobial host defense. ► NADPH oxidase calibrates innate and adaptive immunity through a variety of mechanisms. ► NADPH oxidase-regulated pathways may be therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases.
An attempt has been made to study drainage morphometry and its influence on hydrology of Peddavanka watershed, South India. Drainage networks for the sub-basins were derived from topographical map ...(1:50,000) and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data used for preparing elevation, slope and aspects maps. Geographical information system (GIS) was used in evaluation of linear, areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The study reveals that SRTM DEM and GIS-based approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on hydrological characteristics at watershed level is more appropriate than the conventional methods. The mean Bifurcation ratio (
R
b
) of the entire basin is 3.88 which indicate that the drainage pattern is not much influenced by geological structures. VIII sub-basin have high elongation ratio (
R
e
), basin relief (
B
h
), Ruggedness number (Rn) and time of concentration (
T
c
). It indicates that the erosion and peak discharges are high in these basins. Therefore, the construction of the check dams and earth dams will help in reducing peak discharge on the main channel. These studies are very useful for implementing rainwater harvesting and watershed management.
The role of mitochondria dynamics and its molecular regulators remains largely unknown during naïve-to-primed pluripotent cell interconversion. Here we report that mitochondrial MTCH2 is a regulator ...of mitochondrial fusion, essential for the naïve-to-primed interconversion of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs). During this interconversion, wild-type ESCs elongate their mitochondria and slightly alter their glutamine utilization. In contrast, MTCH2
ESCs fail to elongate their mitochondria and to alter their metabolism, maintaining high levels of histone acetylation and expression of naïve pluripotency markers. Importantly, enforced mitochondria elongation by the pro-fusion protein Mitofusin (MFN) 2 or by a dominant negative form of the pro-fission protein dynamin-related protein (DRP) 1 is sufficient to drive the exit from naïve pluripotency of both MTCH2
and wild-type ESCs. Taken together, our data indicate that mitochondria elongation, governed by MTCH2, plays a critical role and constitutes an early driving force in the naïve-to-primed pluripotency interconversion of murine ESCs.
Rapid and accurate identification of
is of great importance because it is considered an emerging food- and waterborne pathogen and potential zoonotic agent. Raman spectroscopy can differentiate ...bacteria based on Raman scattering spectral patterns of whole cells in a fast, reagentless, and easy-to-use manner. We aimed to detect and discriminate
bacteria at the species level using confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy (785 nm) coupled with neural networks. A total of 82 reference and field isolates of 18
species from clinical, environmental, and agri-food sources were included. We determined that the bacterial cultivation time and growth temperature did not significantly influence the Raman spectral reproducibility and discrimination capability. The genus
could be successfully differentiated from the closely related genera
and
using principal-component analysis. For the identification of
to the species level, an accuracy of 97.2% was achieved for all 18
species using Raman spectroscopy combined with a convolutional neural network (CNN). The predictive capability of Raman-CNN was further validated using an independent data set of 12
strains. Furthermore, a Raman spectroscopy-based fully connected artificial neural network (ANN) was constructed to determine the actual ratio of a specific
species in a bacterial mixture ranging from 5% to 100% by biomass (regression coefficient >0.99). The application of both CNN and fully connected ANN improved the accuracy of Raman spectroscopy for bacterial species determination compared to the conventional chemometrics. This newly developed approach enables rapid identification and species determination of
within an hour following cultivation.
Rapid identification of bacterial pathogens is critical for developing an early warning system and performing epidemiological investigation.
is an emerging foodborne pathogen and has become more important in recent decades. The incidence of
species in the agro-ecosystem is probably underestimated mainly due to the limitation in the available detection and characterization techniques. Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning can accurately identify
at the species level in a rapid and reliable manner, providing a promising tool for epidemiological surveillance of this microbe in the agri-food chain. The knowledge elicited from this study has the potential to be used for routine bacterial screening and diagnostics by the government, food industry, and clinics.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with higher rates of postoperative delirium. The relationship between preoperative OSA risk and postoperative delirium and coma in thoracic surgery ...patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) is not well understood. This study tests the hypothesis that thoracic surgery patients hospitalized in ICU with a higher preoperative risk for OSA are more likely to develop postoperative delirium and coma, resulting in longer hospital stays.
Preoperative OSA risk was measured using the STOP-BANG questionnaire. STOP-BANG scores of greater than or equal to 3 were defined as intermediate-high risk for OSA; 128 patients who underwent major thoracic surgery completed the STOP-BANG questionnaire preoperatively. The Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale was used to assess level of consciousness. The Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU was used to assess for delirium. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between risk of OSA and outcome measures. Results were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, Charlson Comorbidity Index, instrumental activities of daily living, and surgery type.
A total of 96 of 128 patients (76%) were in the intermediate–high-risk OSA group. Adjusted analyses showed that the intermediate–high-risk OSA group had a longer duration of postoperative ICU delirium and coma compared with the low-risk OSA group (1.4 ± 1.3 days versus 0.9 ± 1.4 days; P = 0.04). Total number of hospital days was not significantly different.
Higher preoperative risk for OSA in thoracic surgery patients was associated with a longer duration of postoperative delirium and coma.
In this paper, a new low complexity and lossless image compression system for capsule endoscopy (CE) is presented. The compressor consists of a low-cost YEF color space converter and variable-length ...predictive with a combination of Golomb-Rice and unary encoding. All these components have been heavily optimized for low-power and low-cost and lossless in nature. As a result, the entire compression system does not incur any loss of image information. Unlike transform based algorithms, the compressor can be interfaced with commercial image sensors which send pixel data in raster-scan fashion that eliminates the need of having large buffer memory. The compression algorithm is capable to work with white light imaging (WLI) and narrow band imaging (NBI) with average compression ratio of 78% and 84% respectively. Finally, a complete capsule endoscopy system is developed on a single, low-power, 65-nm field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) chip. The prototype is developed using circular PCBs having a diameter of 16 mm. Several in-vivo and ex-vivo trials using pig's intestine have been conducted using the prototype to validate the performance of the proposed lossless compression algorithm. The results show that, compared with all other existing works, the proposed algorithm offers a solution to wireless capsule endoscopy with lossless and yet acceptable level of compression.
Natural products have long been proven very effective against various challenging diseases including cancer and bacterial infections. Galium tricorne is one of the important source of natural ...products, which has not been explored till date in spite of its profound ethnomedicinal prominence. The current study has been designed to explore the biological potential of G. tricorne and to extract and isolate chemical constituents from its aerial part and seeds respectively along with identification of their chemical constituents. Phytochemical screening was performed to figure out the presence of secondary metabolite in G. tricorne. Crude Methanolic extract (Gt.Crd), which was obtained from the aerial part while the fatty acids were extracted from the seeds, which were later on analyzed by GCMS. Similarly, Well Diffusion and MTT method were used for antibacterial activity and cancer cell line assay respectively. To evaluate the cytotoxic potential, brine shrimps were used. Likewise, in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis a total number of 23 compounds were identified in Gt.Crd extract out of which 7 compounds were sorted out to have some sort of toxicity profile. In the same fashion, 5 fatty acids were identified in the seeds of G. tricorne. Moreover, among the fractions, chloroform fraction (Gt.Chf) exhibited greater zone of inhibition (ZOI) 20.37 mm followed by Gt.Crd 18.40 mm against S. aureus and S. pyogenes respectively. In cytotoxicity Gt.Chf was more active followed by ethyl acetate fraction (Gt.Eta) by exhibiting 88.32±0.62% (LC50=60 µg/mL) and 73.95±2.25% (LC50=80 µg/mL) respectively at 1000 µg/mL concentration of the tested sample. Gt.Chf exhibited greater cell line inhibitory activity (IC50=61 µg/mL) against HeLa cell line. Similarly, Gt.Crd displayed IC50 values of 167.84 µg/mL and 175.46 µg/mL against HeLa and NIH/3T3 cell line respectively. Based on the literature review and screenings, it may be concluded that the aerial part and seeds of G. tricorne are the rich sources of bioactive compounds. The results of the current study also authenticate the scientific background for the ethnomedicinal uses of G. tricorne.
Objectives
To assess the efficacy of haloperidol in reducing postoperative delirium in individuals undergoing thoracic surgery.
Design
Randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial.
Setting
...Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of tertiary care center.
Participants
Individuals undergoing thoracic surgery (N=135).
Intervention
Low‐dose intravenous haloperidol (0.5 mg three times daily for a total of 11 doses) administered postoperatively.
Measurements
The primary outcome was delirium incidence during hospitalization. Secondary outcomes were time to delirium, delirium duration, delirium severity, and ICU and hospital length of stay. Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and delirium severity using the Delirium Rating Scale‐Revised.
Results
Sixty‐eight participants were randomized to receive haloperidol and 67 placebo. No significant differences were observed between those receiving haloperidol and those receiving placebo in incident delirium (n=15 (22.1%) vs n=19 (28.4%); p = .43), time to delirium (p = .43), delirium duration (median 1 day, interquartile range (IQR) 1‐2 days vs median 1 day, IQR 1‐2 days; p = .71), delirium severity, ICU length of stay (median 2.2 days, IQR 1–3.3 days vs median 2.3 days, IQR 1‐4 days; p = .29), or hospital length of stay (median 10 days, IQR 8–11.5 days vs median 10 days, IQR 8‐12 days; p = .41). In the esophagectomy subgroup (n = 84), the haloperidol group was less likely to experience incident delirium (n=10 (23.8%) vs n=17 (40.5%); p = .16). There were no differences in time to delirium (p = .14), delirium duration (median 1 day, IQR 1‐2 days vs median 1 day, IQR 1‐2 days; p = .71), delirium severity, or hospital length of stay (median 11 days, IQR 10‐12 days vs median days 11, IQR 10‐15 days; p = .26). ICU length of stay was significantly shorter in the haloperidol group (median 2.8 days, IQR 1.1–3.8 days vs median 3.1 days, IQR 2.1–5.1 days; p = .03). Safety events were comparable between the groups.
Conclusion
Low‐dose postoperative haloperidol did not reduce delirium in individuals undergoing thoracic surgery but may be efficacious in those undergoing esophagectomy. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2289–2297, 2018.
In recent years, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received widespread attention due to their low cost compared to conventional silicon photovoltaic cells. However, to reach optimal device ...efficiencies, much work is still required. Nanotechnology opens a door to creating various nanostructures and tailing materials for use in DSSCs. Here we reviewed the development in nanomaterials based on modified electrodes which utilize the advantages of high electrocatalytic ability and high surface area due to their nanostructured morphology. This review highlights recent developments in DSSCs and their key components with respect to nanostructured modification, which will provide deep insights and guidance for researchers to design and develop cost-effective and efficient DSSCs.
Magnetohydrodynamic rheological pumping systems based on biological sources are finding new applications in modern energy systems. These systems combine the electrically conductive properties of ...flowing fluids with rheological behavior, biological geometry, and propulsion mechanisms. Further improvement of transport characteristics can be achieved with the use of nanofluids. In this study, all these aspects are combined to analyze the heat and mass transfer in mixed convective peristaltic conveyance of Carreau-Yasuda (CY) magneto nanofluid with mixture of ethylene glycol and graphene nano-powder. The Carreau-Yasuda model is utilized for nanofluid rheology and the Buongiorno's model for nanoscale effects. The deemed flow situation is modelled via temperature dependent heat generation/absorption, variable thermal conductivity, porous medium, activation energy, mixed convection, Brownian diffusion, magnetic field, thermophoresis diffusion, Ohmic heating and viscous dissipation assumptions. Fluid saturated porous medium is simulated by employing a modified Darcy's law. Zero mass flux and no-slip boundary conditions are taken for concentration, heat and velocity fields. Using the lubrication assumption, the governing system of equations for the fluid transfer problem is abridged and resolved employing built-in command NDSolve in Mathematica. Effects of different pertinent parameters are shown via graphs.
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