Health and environmental effects of heavy metals Zaynab, Madiha; Al-Yahyai, Rashid; Ameen, Ayesha ...
Journal of King Saud University. Science,
January 2022, 2022-01-00, 2022-01-01, Letnik:
34, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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Seafood safety is a critical requirement for sustained global quantitative and qualitative development. In recent years, unintended poisons have damaged human health and food quality. Heavy metals ...(HMs) distribution, speciation, bioaccumulation, and toxicity evaluation in aquatic settings are at their peak. Safe ecosystems have a significant influence in the possible composition of safe aquaculture products, which serve as the foundation of every food web. HMs eventually impose a number of stresses on the living organisms, contributing to increased mortality. Therefore, this study reflects and explains the exposure of heavy metals to aquatic food as well as the resulting health risks to humans. A more in-depth review on the translocation processes of metal toxins into seafood is provided. Finally, for achieving stability in aquatic environments, management techniques, genetic engineering, and remediation are recommended.
Propolis is a natural substance collected by honey bees from various plants such as, poplar, palm, pine, conifer secretions, gums, resins, mucilage and leaf buds. It is collected and brought very ...painstakingly by honey bees to be used for sealing cracks and crevices occurring in their hives. Originally, it as an antiseptic meant for preventing bee-hive from microbial infections along with preventing decomposition of intruders. Additionally, propolis has been used in folk medicine for centuries. The biological characteristics of propolis depend upon its chemical composition, plant sources, geographical zone and seasons. More than 300 compounds have been identified in propolis such as, phenolic compounds, aromatic acids, essential oils, waxes and amino acids. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journals, and several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the chemical compounds and biological activity of propolis.
Sugar and nitrogen metabolisms help plants maintain cellular homeostasis, stress tolerance, and sustainable growth in drought conditions. Melatonin, a potent antioxidant and signaling molecule, ...appears to mitigate the negative impacts of drought on plants. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of foliar‐applied melatonin in ameliorating drought‐induced alterations in leaf sugar and nitrogen metabolisms' enzyme activities during cotton flowering and boll formation. To date, no study has examined drought‐induced sugar and nitrogen metabolisms' enzyme activity changes in cotton treated with foliar melatonin. Drought levels (FC1 = 75 ± 5%, FC2 = 60 ± 5%, and FC3 = 45 ± 5%) were maintained between 3 and 35 days after flowering (DAF), and melatonin (M) concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol L−1) were applied at 3 and 21 DAF in a completely randomized design. M100 concentrations at low FC levels significantly enhanced leaf sugar and N‐metabolic enzyme activities, such as sucrose synthase (65.56%) and glutamine synthetase (55.24%), compared to plants not treated with melatonin; peaking between 7 and 21 DAF and declining gradually with crop growth. Moreover, the M100 concentrations at all FC levels, particularly FC3, significantly increased the relative expression of GhSusB, GhSusC, SPS1, and SPS3 genes, indicating that melatonin improves leaf sugar and N‐metabolism enzymatic activities under drought stress. Therefore, applying M100 concentrations to cotton foliage under FC3 conditions during reproductive stages improves leaf water status, sugar, and N‐metabolism enzyme activities, demonstrating melatonin's potent anti‐stress, osmoregulatory, and growth‐promoting properties in overcoming drought stress in cotton crops. Future research into the molecular mechanisms of melatonin‐mediated sugar and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities in cotton leaves may lead to biotechnological methods to improve drought resilience in cotton and other crops.
The ATP-binding Cassette (ABC) transporter family genes play a significant role in transporting substances such as heavy metals, phytohormones, and secondary metabolites across the structural ...membrane. However, it plays a vital function in the eastern honey bee (Apis cerana), still uncovered. The present study discovered a total of 28 ABC transporters genes in A. cerana genome. The ABC transporters genes phylogenetic tree gradually divide into eight groups, named from ABCA to ABCH. From these groups, ABCG belongs to the largest family containing maximum ABC transporters genes. The domain architecture and number of exon-intron differed from one gene to another gene. The exons ranged from 4 to 30. The sequence motif and alignment analysis established similar structural, functional sites in all A. cerana ABC transporter. In the present study results, 1st motif was observed in all genes except XM_028666551.1. It was observed that the A. cerana genes sequence illustrated synteny with A. dorsata. Furthermore, the biochemical and physical properties, conserved motifs, 3D (three-dimensional) structure prediction, and molecular docking with ATP molecules were also studied. Consequently, the results provided applicable information for a more functional analysis of ABC transporter genes in the honey bee and a reference study for other insects.
•Investigated community composition of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists & metazoa across diverse soil profiles.•Observed declining alpha diversity of bacteria, archaea, and protists with soil ...depth, contrasting with fungi and metazoa.•Identified prominent classes like Actinobacteria, Sordariomycetes, Nitrososphaeria, Spirotrichea, and Nematoda.•Bacterial changes linked to TK, fungal dynamics to TN. Archaea influenced by AK, protists by NO3 and metazoa by SWC.•Article offers new insights into soil biota's vertical distribution and response in K. caspia within desert ecosystem.
Soil organisms play a pivotal role in terrestrial ecosystems, sparking growing curiosity about the comprehensive diversity of subterranean biota across large ecological levels. Soil inhabitants’ exhibit varied responses to soil physicochemical properties (SPPs) across desert ecosystem. Yet, the knowledge of their population dynamics across different soil depths (SDs) in the indigenous natural dominant zone of Karelinia caspia, a primary desert shrub in China, remains limited. This study employed advanced illumina sequencing to assess soil bacteria, fungi, archaea, protist, and metazoa populations across six distinct SDs (0 to 100 cm) within the K. caspia desert landscape. Our findings indicate a descending alpha diversity pattern in bacteria, archaea, and protists as soil depth increases, contrary to fungi and metazoa, which exhibit the opposite trend. SDs significantly shape soil biota beta diversity, notably impacting bacteria, protists, and fungi, as revealed by Non-Metric Dimensional Scaling. Prominent classes include Actinobacteria, Sordariomycetes, Nitrososphaeria, Spirotrichea, and Nematoda for soil bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and metazoa, respectively. Correlation analysis between predominant biotic communities' vertical distribution and SPPs variations revealed total potassium (TK) and pH's pronounced influence on bacteria, while fungi were affected by total nitrogen (TN) and soil water content (SWC). Archaea exhibit sensitivity to SWC, available potassium (AK), and available phosphorus (AP); protists respond to C/N-Ratio, nitrate (NO3), and total phosphorus (TP); metazoa correlate with SWC, pH, and NO3. Overall, these findings offer valuable insights regarding population fluctuations of soil biota within naturally established K. caspia across vertical soil strata within China's desert ecosystem.
The Asian honey bee species i.e., Apis cerana (the eastern honey bee), A. dorsata (the giant honey bee), and the western or European honey bee (A. mellifera) collected from Pakistan were studied ...using partial sequences from two mitochondrial genes (i) the Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and (ii) the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5) and then compared with other honey bees sequences (already submitted from different countries around the globe) obtained after the national center for biotechnology information (NCBI). DNA sequences were analyzed employing molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and Kimura 2-parameter model, neighbor-joining method was applied to investigate phylogenetic relationships, and DNA sequence polymorphism was applied to measure the genetic diversity within the genus Apis. The phylogenetic analyses yielded consistent results. Based on COI gene fragment in two Asian and European honey bee species from Pakistan and from other countries showed considerable genetic diversity levels and deviation among the species. While in contrast the phylogenetic analyses based on ND5 gene fragment in Asian and European honey bee species from Pakistan and other countries showed comparatively higher genetic diversity indices and variations than the COI gene. So, in the genus Apis, the mitochondrial ND5 region has shown the possibility to answer the interactions among species. A further detailed work (by linking the analysis of other genomic and mitochondrial genes) is required for good quality solution to establish the concise genetic diversity and interaction among the Apis species. The objective of this study was to explore the extent of genetic differences and phylogenetic links among the three kinds of honey bee species from Pakistan and comparing them with other bee species around the globe.
The advent of modern technologies has inspired biotechnologists to shift towards
in vitro
approaches that utilize cell-free environments for the generation of biochemicals and biomaterials. Despite ...several challenges, the development of cell-free systems (CFSs) is believed to open new venues in the production of biologically significant molecules and materials. Cell-free biosynthesis is helpful to overcome major discrepancies associated with conventional whole cell-based metabolic processes and offers several advantages, such as reduced structural and functional complexity, as well as the ability to bypass cell viability issues and use a controlled environment. Unfortunately, the implementation of these processes has been impeded by the economic constraints associated with the high-cost reagents, difficulties in the regeneration of energy-liberating molecules (
i.e.
, cofactors), and the lack of scalable technologies. The development of efficient
in situ
cofactor regeneration strategies appears critical to the realization of economically feasible CFSs for industrial-scale production. This review addresses the main constraints associated with the development of CFSs, including the regeneration of cofactors by using various secondary energy sources (SESs) and methods. The development of advanced 'dual-energy systems' capable of regenerating cofactors from readily available energy sources is emphasized. It provides a comprehensive overview of the prospective development of a cost-effective cell-free system by discussing the cost of cofactors, enzymes, and raw materials, as well as discusses the efficacy and scalability of the process. Furthermore, potential directions for the future development of CFSs and their large-scale implementation are presented. This review provides new avenues into the development of sustainable and economically feasible CFSs useful for both novice readers and experts in the field.
The advent of modern technologies has inspired biotechnologists to shift towards
in vitro
approaches that utilize cell-free environments for the generation of biochemicals and biomaterials.
Honey bees are crucial for pollination services globally and produce important hive products including honey, royal jelly, pollen, and propolis that are being used commercially in food, cosmetics, ...and alternative medicinal purposes. Among the bee products, royal jelly (RJ) has long attracted scientists' interest because of its importance in honey caste differentiation. The present research was carried out to determine the acceptance rate of queen cells, and RJ production between the hygienic and non-hygienic lines. Further, this study unveils the effect of pollen substitute diets on the queen cell acceptance rate and RJ yields between both bee stocks. Results showed that the uncapped brood cells and dead brood's removal percentage was significantly more in hygienic bee colonies in comparison to non-hygienic bee colonies (p < 0.05). The average percentage of larval acceptance was statistically higher in hygienic lines (64.33 ± 2.91%) compared to non-hygienic lines (29.67 ± 1.20%). Similarly, the RJ mean weight per colony differed statistically between both bee stocks (p<0.001), which were 12.23 ± 0.52 g and 6.72 ± 0.33 g, respectively. Moreover, our results demonstrated that a significant difference was observed in larval acceptance rate, RJ yields (per colony and per cup) between both bee stocks those fed on various diets. However, no significant difference was recorded in RJ yields (per colony and per cup) between both bee stock that feeds on either commercially available pollen or pollen substitute. This study may provide future applications in helping bee breeders to choose the bees that carry a higher level of hygienic behavior with high RJ production traits.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Literary history of any nation is influenced by its literary tendencies, linguistic attitudes and thoughts, because literature is born of political, social, moral, religious, historical, linguistic, ...civilization and culture. Literary texts also help in the ideological formation of literary history. Literary criticism has played a pivotal role in interpreting, understanding and determining the status of literary texts. Thus, the theoretical construction of literature in literature has been the function of literary criticism. The theories of Urdu literary history that have been created have been taken in the light of the intellectual and ideological views of literary historians and the researcher and critical analysis and commentaries of critics. At the same time, new concepts have emerged. Under these modern concepts, literature is not just a field study, but a literary creation and the social sciences of the creator's era, including political, socio-economic, cultural, psychological, moral and religious sciences and arts. An interpretation of these collections of histories based on the interactions of thoughts, feelings and emotions that take place in human life under the influence of Contains behavioral studies. Urdu literary history has different views in its footsteps, various theories and ideas about literary history have been expressed.
Hypopharyngeal glands (HGs) are the most important organ of hymenopterans which play critical roles for the insect physiology. In honey bees, HGs are paired structures located bilaterally in the ...head, in front of the brain between compound eyes. Each gland is composed of thousands of secretory units connecting to secretory duct in worker bees. To better understand the recent progress made in understanding the structure and function of these glands, we here review the ontogeny of HGs, and the factors affecting the morphology, physiology, and molecular basis of the functionality of the glands. We also review the morphogenesis of HGs in the pupal and adult stages, and the secretory role of the glands across the ages for the first time. Furthermore, recent transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome analyses have elucidated the potential mechanisms driving the HGs development and functionality. This adds a comprehensive novel knowledge of the development and physiology of HGs in honey bees over time, which may be helpful for future research investigations.
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