This research scrutinizes the impact of globalization, economic factors and energy consumption on CO2 emissions in Pakistan from 1971 to 2016 by utilizing dynamic ARDL simulations model Jordan and ...Philips (2018). Dynamic ARDL simulations model has capability to predict the actual positive and negative change in the independent variables and its effect on the dependent variable. The examined results of dynamic ARDL simulations indicates that Energy consumption, financial development, trade, foreign direct investment, economic globalization, social globalization and political globalization have positive effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan while urbanization, economic growth and innovation have negative effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan while in the short run the examined results of dynamic ARDL simulations indicate that energy consumption, urbanization, economic growth, financial development, economic globalization, social globalization and political globalization have positive effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan while trade, innovation and foreign direct investment have negative effect on CO2 emissions. Based on the results of this study policy implications are suggested for Pakistan.
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•Energy consumption, financial development and trade have positive effect on CO2 emissions.•Foreign direct investment has a positive effect on CO2 emissions in Pakistan•Economic, social and political globalization index have positive effect on CO2 emissions.•Urbanization, economic growth and innovation have negative effect on CO2 emissions.
The present study examines the long-run relationship between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission for different groups of countries comprising lower middle income, upper middle income, and ...heavily indebted countries, East Asia and Pacific, East Europe and Central Asia, Latin America and Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa and for aggregate data of the world. The data has been analyzed by using various econometric techniques, specifically the Johnson cointegration, modified version of Granger causality and variance decomposition analysis from the period of 1975 to 2011. The results confirm that there is a long-run relationship between greenhouse gas emissions (i.e. agricultural methane emission, agricultural nitrous oxide emission and carbon dioxide emission) and energy consumption. The results of Granger causality indicate that energy consumption Granger causes greenhouse gas emission but not vice versa. The important finding is that energy consumption Granger causes GDP per unit energy use, which confirms the energy led growth hypothesis in the world. However, the vice versa relationship does not hold. The results imply that a policy to cut energy consumption tends to diminish greenhouse gas emission though affecting GDP of countries negatively.
Developing countries are facing the problem of environmental degradation. Environmental degradation is caused by the use of non-renewable energy consumptions for economic growth but the consequences ...of environmental degradation cannot be ignored. This primary purpose of this study is to investigate the nexus between energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emission in Pakistan by using annual time series data from 1965 to 2015. The estimated results of ARDL indicate that energy consumption and economic growth increase the CO2 emissions in Pakistan both in short run and long run. Based on the estimated results it is recommended that policy maker in Pakistan should adopt and promote such renewable energy sources that will help to meet the increased demand for energy by replacing old traditional energy sources such as coal, gas, and oil. Renewable energy sources are reusable that can reduce the CO2 emissions and also ensure sustainable economic development of Pakistan.
While disobeying environmental regulations of Pakistan, several Pb-acid batteries recycling and repairing units discharge their effluents into water canals that irrigate arable fields. Resultantly, ...serious ecological risks, as well as human health hazards through consumption of edible crops grown on such Pb-polluted soils have been reported. In this experiment, we observed associative effects of amending a soil polluted from Pb-acid batteries effluents (SPB) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and lignin-derived biochar (LBC) on barley grain safety to human health. The SPB was treated with AMF inoculum (a consortium of four AMF species), lignin (LN), and LBC, as sole treatments and AMF inoculum with LN and LBC. Barley parameters involving Pb distribution in grain and other parts, grain biochemistry, and nutrition were assessed. Likewise, Pb bioavailability in SPB, AMF root colonization, soil enzymes, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and AMF produced total glomalin related soil protein (TGSP) were also scoped. Additionally, human renal cells (HEK 293) cytotoxicity test was performed by opting barley grain-related Pb concentrations. Results show that LBC + AMF significantly reduced grain Pb concentrations below the critical limit 4.67 mg kg−1 (WHO/FAO standard), AMF colonization, MBC, soil enzymology, and TGSP, compared to control. Likewise, rest barley parameters were also improved in this treatment. Contrary to other treatments, grain produced on LBC + AMF did not result in (a) cell apoptosis, (b) cell distortion and (c) cohesion loss. Immobilization of Pb in SPB was due to the dilution effect of Pb adsorption on LBC, AMF mycelium and TGSP which resulted in a significant drop of grain Pb concentrations below the critical limit and ultimately no harm to HEK 293 cells. Our findings endorse that grain produced at LBC + AMF treatment are safer for human consumption and will not pose health risks. The LBC + AMF application can remediate SPB for safer cereal production.
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•Soil Pb pollution from acid batteries effluent (SPB) poses health risks via food.•Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) + lignin biochar (LBC) reduced bioavailable Pb.•Barley grain Pb concentrations were below critical limit of WHO/FAO with LBC + AMF.•Highest HEK 293 cells' viability exposed to grain Pb concentrations was at LBC + AMF.•LBC + AMF can produce barley on SPB that will have no harmful effect on human health.
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The main objective of this article is to analyze the comparative study of five water base nanofluids. Nanofluids are comprised of titanium oxide or titania (TiO2), aluminum oxide or ...alumina (AL2O3), copper oxide (CuO), copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) and water (H2O). Unsteady flow between two sheets is analyzed. Upper sheet is squeezed towards lower one while lower stretching sheet exhibits porous character. Thermal radiation, applied magnetic field, viscous dissipation and Joule heating effects are accounted. Entropy generation is also evaluated. Second law of thermodynamics is implemented for the entropy generation. Partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations by transformation procedure. Ordinary differential equations system is numerically solved by NDSolve technique. Influences of flow parameters on velocity, temperature, entropy generation and Bejan number are examined in graphs. Numerical results for skin friction and Nusselt number are tabulated. The obtained results show that velocity decays for larger values of magnetic parameter and porosity while it is enhanced through squeezing parameter. Temperature is an increasing function of Eckert number, magnetic parameter, squeezing parameter and nanoparticles volume fraction. Entropy generation is increased with thermal radiation, Prandtl number, volume fraction and Eckert number.
Membranes for CO2 /CH4 and CO2/N2 Gas Separation Chawla, Muhammad; Saulat, Hammad; Masood Khan, Muhammad ...
Chemical engineering & technology,
February 2020, Letnik:
43, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Membrane technology has emerged as a leading tool worldwide for effective CO2 separation because of its well‐known advantages, including high surface area, compact design, ease of maintenance, ...environmentally friendly nature, and cost‐effectiveness. Polymeric and inorganic membranes are generally utilized for the separation of gas mixtures. The mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) utilizes the advantages of both polymeric and inorganic membranes to surpass the trade‐off limits. The high permeability and selectivity of MMMs by incorporating different types of fillers exhibit the best performance for CO2 separation from natural gas and other flue gases. The recent progress made in the field of MMMs having different types of fillers is emphasized. Specifically, CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation from various types of MMMs are comprehensively reviewed that are closely relevant to natural gas purification and compositional flue gas treatment
Membrane‐based techniques emerged as the most effective option for the separation and/or capture of CO2. Different types of membranes are reviewed with the main emphasis placed on mixed‐matrix membranes with various types of fillers. Such membranes combine the advantages of both polymeric and inorganic membranes and exhibit the best performance for CO2 separation from natural gas and other flue gases.
In many developing countries, rising pollution and FDI inflows are positively correlated. This paper explores the existence of pollution haven hypothesis in Pakistan by employing the autoregressive ...distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test on yearly data from 1971 to 2014 for foreign direct investment inflow and four pollutants, i.e., CO
2
emissions, CO
2
emissions from solid fuels, SO
2
emissions, and GHG emissions. In each case, eight different models are tested by incorporating different explanatory variables with foreign direct investment inflow. The outcome of this study shows that in some of the models a positive long-term relationship exists between FDI inflow and CO
2
emissions, CO
2
emissions from solid fuels, and GHG emissions and a negative long-term relationship between FDI inflow and SO
2
emissions. Overall, we found no conclusive evidence of the existence of the pollution haven hypothesis for Pakistan. As Pakistan is taking active measures to attract more FDI, it is essential to introduce appropriate environmental policies and institutional reforms that do not hinder FDI inflows.
Among all alternative fuels, compressed natural gas (CNG) has been considered as one the best solutions for fossil fuel substitution because of its availability throughout the world, inherent clean ...burning, economical as a fuel and adaptability to the gasoline and diesel engines.
This bibliography reviews the potential of CNG as a transportation fuel. The added bibliography at the end of this article contains 1102 references to papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations on the subject that were published between 1991 and 2016. These references have been retrieved from 137 scientific journals. The references are classified in the following categories: Regional Experience with CNG Vehicles; Economic Aspect of CNG Vehicles; CNG Engine's Design, Control and Performance; Combustion and Fuel Injection Characteristics of CNG Engines; CNG/ Diesel Dual Fuel Operations; Hydrogen Enriched CNG Vehicles; Environmental Aspect of CNG Vehicles; Safety Aspect of CNG Vehicles.
•Nonlinear viscous nanomaterial flow with entropy generation is considered.•Total entropy generation rate is calculated.•Heat transfer characteristics are discussed via thermal radiation, dissipation ...and source/sink effects.•Built-in-Shooting method is adopted for numerical computations.
Analysis regarding entropy generation has turn out to be a useful approach to address refinements in thermal characteristics since it yields an intuition which cannot be acquired through energy analysis. The rate of entropy generation appropriately computes thermodynamic irreversibilities. Thus a decay of entropy productivity results in more effective energy transport mechanisms. Keeping aforementioned effectiveness in mind we aimed to elaborate entropy generation characteristics in unsteady nonlinear convective nanoliquid flow towards convectively heated permeable surface. Magneto nanomaterial model featuring thermophoretic and Brownian diffusion characteristics is considered. Thermodynamic second relation is utilized for entropy generation analysis. Modeling is arranged for viscous dissipation, heat generation, nonlinear radiation and Joule dissipation. Boundary-layer concept is opted for formulation. Influence of distinct variables velocity, temperature and concentration are discussed In addition rate of total entropy generation is highlighted. Besides, the gradients (velocity, thermal and solutal) are calculated and analyzed. We noted increasing trend for Brinkman number, magnetic and permeability parameters versus entropy generation rate. Further the Bejan number has opposite outcomes versus Brinkman number and radiation parameter.
•A fractional TB model with Caputo derivative is presented.•The real data of TB since 2002–2017 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is considered.•The model is locally and globally stable with fractional Lyapunov ...function.•Numerical results with long term behavior of the infected individuals is presented.
In this paper, we present a nonlinear fractional order model in the Caputo sense to explore and simulate the TB dynamics. Using the TB confirmed notified cases from the year 2002 to 2017 in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, we estimate the model parameters and demonstrate that the proposed fractional model provides a good fit to the real data. Initially, we compute the basic reproduction number and the model equilibria. Then, the existence and uniqueness of the model are shown via generalized mean value theorem. Further, we explore the local and global stability of the disease free equilibria in fractional environment. Finally, numerical results are obtained in order to validate the importance of the arbitrary order derivative and theoretical results. We conclude that the fractional epidemic model is more generalized than the classical model, which give more information about the disease dynamics and give a good agreement to the real data of TB infection.
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