MAX phases and their MXene compounds have received significant attention owing to their extensive potential applications. The quality and purity of the MAX phase guarantee the desired quality of the ...MXene product, which is essential for a variety of applications, including energy storage, catalysis, and electrical devices. Due to the purity, quality, complex structure, and unavailable commercial pure MAX powders, it is frequently required to have sophisticated synthesis and characterization techniques for the expected MAX products. Many researchers entering this field seek a comprehensive approach to the synthesis and characterization of MAX phases. Despite this, a significant portion of existing reviews have overlooked the synthesis and characterization methods specific to MAX phases, particularly when addressing MXenes. Consequently, this review aims to offer a thorough overview of the various synthesis methods and characterization techniques that are often required for MAX phases. In this review, various synthesis techniques, including their advantages and disadvantages, have also been discussed. Characterization techniques, especially x‐ray diffraction (XRD), were found to be quite critical for new researchers. However, the integration of other techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared analysis enhances and complements the findings obtained through XRD. The review also underscores the challenges associated with MAX phase synthesis and proposes potential solutions, emphasizing the assessment of their suitability across a broad spectrum of applications. Overall, this review serves as a comprehensive resource and guide for researchers engaged in the exploration and application of MAX phases, emphasizing the essential techniques of synthesis and characterization in harnessing their massive potential.
MAX phase synthesis, charterization and challanges
Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been ...put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.
PDF
